Maya-Lehre und Kantianismus

Die vorliegende kleine Schrift ist der Separat-Abdruck aus der Einleitung zu einer im Erscheinen begriffenen Übersetzung und Erklärung der, dem Cankaräcärya zugeschriebenen, Väkya-Sudhä oder Bäla-Bodhani, einem der Vedänta-Texte, auf die Schopenhauer Bezug nimmt. Sie bildet den zweiten Teil jener Einleitung und könnte jedem beliebigen derartigen Texte vorausgeschickt werden als eine. Warnung, den Vedänta durch die Brille der Kant-Schopenhauerschen Philosophie zu betrachten und so Parallelen zu sehen, wo keine sind. Wohl ist Kant der Kopernikus unter den Philosoplien Europas. Aber den grossen Grundgedanken der Erkenntnistheorie hatte in Indien lange vorher schon Buddha zur Basis seiner Erlösungslehre gemacht und mit bewundernswerter Klarheit und Einfachheit vorgetragen, und die metaphysischen Auswüchse dieses Gedankens bei Kant und seinen Nachfolgern ohne weiteres mit dem auf eine Linie zu stellen, was der Vedänta bald drei Jahrtausende als das höchste Wissen verkündigt, ist eine nicht zu duldende Vergewaltigung gegen den letzteren

The decrease in growth hormone (GH) response after repeated stimulation with GH-Releasing hormone is partly caused by an elevation of somatostatin tonus.

Repeated injection of GHRH leads to a decrease in the GH response in normal subjects. Arginine (Arg) stimulates GH secretion by suppression of hypothalamic somatostatin. To confirm these findings, eight normal men were examined in a series of five settings: test 1 (GHRH/GHRH-TRH), 100 micrograms GHRH injected iv, followed by 100 micrograms GHRH, iv, after 120 min and 200 micrograms TRH, iv, after 150 min; test 2 (GHRH/Arg-TRH), like test 1, but instead of the second GHRH injection, a 30 g Arg infusion over 30 min; test 3 (GHRH/GHRH-Arg-TRH), like test 1, but additionally a 30 g Arg infusion after 120 min; test 4 (GHRH-Arg-TRH), iv GHRH and Arg infusion initially, followed by iv TRH after 30 min; and test 5 (TRH), 200 micrograms TRH, iv, at 0 min. For statistical evaluation, the area under the GH curve (AUC) from 0-120 min was compared with the AUC from 120-240 min. The GH response to the second administration of GHRH was significantly lower (P < 0.02) than the first increase [AUC, 0.5 +/- 0.01 min.mg/L (mean +/- SE) vs. 1.2 +/- 0.3]. No significant differences were found between the GH responses to either GHRH or Arg alone (AUC, 0.9 +/- 0.2 min.mg/L vs. 0.9 +/- 0.2). A larger GH increase (P < 0.02) was seen after GHRH-Arg compared to GHRH alone (AUC, 1.9 +/- 0.4 min.mg/L vs. 1.2 +/- 0.3). The GH response (P < 0.02) to GHRH-Arg stimulation was lower after previous GHRH injection than after GHRH-Arg stimulation alone (AUC, 1.9 +/- 0.4 min.mg/L vs. 3.5 +/- 0.9). There was a statistically significant difference between the TRH-stimulated TSH response in test 4 compared to that in test 5. We could show that decreasing GH responses to repeated GHRH can be avoided by a combined stimulation with GHRH/Arg. These findings suggest that the decreased GH response to a second GHRH bolus may be partly due to an elevated hypothalamic somatostatin secretion, which can be suppressed by Arg. The lower GH response to GHRH-Arg stimulation after a previous GHRH bolus suggests, furthermore, that the readily available GH pool in the human pituitary may be limited

Victor Hehn : ein Bild seines Lebens und seiner Werke

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2438547~S1*es

Mutagenesis and polyploidization for creation of new genetic variability of Hydrangea macrophylla

Für die Erweiterung der Zuchtmethodik bei Hydrangea macrophylla gelangten Methoden der induzierten Mutagenese und Polyploidisierung zur Anwendung. Für die Mutagenese wurden In-vitro-Nodienexplantate der Sorte Blaumeise mit Röntgenstrahlung mit den Dosen 5, 10, 15, 20 und 30&nbsp;Gy behandelt. Die letale Dosis von 50% lag zwischen 20 und 30&nbsp;Gy. Nach Gewächshausüberführung zeigten die bestrahlten Pflanzen veränderte Merkmale wie Wuchsdepressionen, deformierte Blütenstände und schwarze Stiele. Die Polyploidisierung wurde ebenfalls in vitro an Nodienexplantaten durchgeführt. Ausgangsmaterial waren die diploiden Sorten Adria und Libelle sowie die triploiden Sorten Blaumeise und Nachtigall. Kolchizin und Trifluralin dienten als chemische Agenzien zur Hemmung der Mitose. Nach Kolchizinbehandlung wurden nur vier Ploidiechimären gefunden. Trifluralin war weitaus effektiver. Bereits eine Konzentration von 0,001% Trifluralin induzierte die Bildung polyploidisierter Pflanzen. Hexaploide Pflanzen der Sorten Blaumeise und Nachtigall zeigten eine sehr starke Wuchsdepres­sion und Blattdeformierungen, die Blütenbildung war gestört. Dagegen waren tetraploide Pflanzen der Sorten Adria und Libelle attraktiv wie ihre diploiden Ausgangsformen. Die Flowzytometrie ermöglichte eine schnelle Feststellung des Ploidieniveaus und nach Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung mit Gensequenzen der 5S und 18/25S rDNA erfolgte die Bestimmung der Karyo­typen. Beide ribosomale Gensequenzen waren jeweils nur ein Mal im haploiden Genom auf unterschiedlichen Chromosomen lokalisiert. Die Bedeutung der Methoden Mutagenese und Polyploidisierung zur Schaffung von Prebreeding-Material wird diskutiert. Insbesondere der Einsatz von tetraploiden Hortensien im Zuchtprozess scheint ein aussichtsreicher Beitrag zur Erweiterung des bestehenden Sortenspektrums zu sein. &nbsp; &nbsp;The suitability of induced mutagenesis and polyploidization of Hydrangea macrophylla to be incorporated in breeding programs was investigated. For mutagenesis nodal explants in vitro of variety Blaumeise were irra­diated with X-rays (5, 10, 20 and 30&nbsp;Gy). The lethal dose of 50% was between 20 and 30&nbsp;Gy. Irradiated plants were transferred to the greenhouse. New phenotypic traits like dwarfism, deformed leaves or black stems were observed. Polyploidization was carried out on nodal explants in vitro, too. Plant material was from the diploid varieties Adria and Libelle as well as from the triploid varieties Blaumeise and Nachtigall. For mitosis inhibition colchicine and trifluralin were used. After treatment with colchicine only four ploidy chimeric plants were found. The effectiveness of trifluralin was much better. Already after treatment with 0.001% trifluralin polyploidized plants were received. Hexaploid plants showed a strong dwarfism and deformed leaves. By contrast, tetraploid plants were attractive like the diploid origins. The flow cytometry enabled rapid ploidy estimation and after the fluorescence in situ hybridization with gene sequences of 5S and 18/25S rDNA the karyotypes were characterized. Each ribosomal DNA sequence used was localized one time on the haploid genome on different chromosomes. The relevance of mutagenesis and polyploidization for creation of pre-breeding material will be discussed. Especially the utilization of tetraploid hydrangeas seems to be a useful tool for the development of new hydrangea varieties. &nbsp; &nbsp

CHROMOSOMES REPORT FROM PLANTS ARE GROWING IN CHILE. III

Se entregan datos citológicos del número cromosómico diploide de 24 especies de la flora vascular de Chile, utilizándose material de raíces provenientes de plántulas. Nuevos registros para la flora de Chile son: Alstroemeria presliana Herb. subsp. presliana (2n = 16), Chaetanthera moenchioides Less. (2n = 26), Hypochaeris scorzonerae (DC.) F.Muell. (2n= 8), Phycella bicolor (Ruiz et Pav.) Herb. (2n = 16) y Rhodophiala tiltilensis (Traub et Moldenke) Traub (2n = 16).Chromosome numbers of 24 Chilean taxa of vascular plants were studied using root-tip mitotic metaphases. New records for the chilean Flora are: Alstroemeria presliana Herb. subsp. presliana (2n = 16), Chaetanthera moenchioides Less. (2n = 26), Hypochaeris scorzonerae (DC.) F.Muell. (2n = 8), Phycella bicolor (Ruiz et Pav.) Herb. (2n = 16) and Rhodophiala tiltilensis (Traub et Moldenke) Traub (2n = 16)

Social Class

Discussion of class structure in fifth-century Athens, historical constitution of theater audiences, and the changes in the comic representation of class antagonism from Aristophanes to Menander

TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives