Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Luminescence properties of Tb3+-doped oxyfluoride scintillating glasses

Transparent oxyfluoride glasses doped with Tb3+ were prepared by melt quenching method. The transmittance spectra show the glasses have good transmittance in the visible spectrum region. The emission spectra under 376 nm light and X-ray excitations were recorded. Tb3+ doped oxyfluoride glasses show intense green emissions under both excitations. The optimum concentrations of Tb3+ ion are around 8 mol% and around 10 mol% under 376 nm light excitation and X-ray excitation, respectively. The lifetimes of 541 nm emission of oxyfluoride glasses doped with Tb3+ are in the range from 2.65 ms to 3.02 ms. The results indicate that Tb3+-doped oxyfluoride glasses could be an X-ray scintillating material suitable to X-ray detection for slow event. © 2013 Elsevier B.V

Slow Magnetic Relaxations in Cobalt(II) Tetranitrate Complexes. Studies of Magnetic Anisotropy by Inelastic Neutron Scattering and High-Frequency and High-Field EPR Spectroscopy

Three mononuclear cobalt­(II) tetranitrate complexes (A)₂[Co­(NO₃)₄] with different countercations, Ph₄P⁺ (<b>1</b>), MePh₃P⁺ (<b>2</b>), and Ph₄As⁺ (<b>3</b>), have been synthesized and studied by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, magnetic measurements, inelastic neutron scattering (INS), high-frequency and high-field EPR (HF-EPR) spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the structure of the tetranitrate cobalt anion varies with the countercation. <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> exhibit highly irregular seven-coordinate geometries, while the central Co­(II) ion of <b>3</b> is in a distorted-dodecahedral configuration. The sole magnetic transition observed in the INS spectroscopy of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> corresponds to the zero-field splitting (2­(<i>D</i>² + 3<i>E</i>²)^1/2) from 22.5(2) cm^–1 in <b>1</b> to 26.6(3) cm^–1 in <b>2</b> and 11.1(5) cm^–1 in <b>3</b>. The positive sign of the <i>D</i> value, and hence the easy-plane magnetic anisotropy, was demonstrated for <b>1</b> by INS studies under magnetic fields and HF-EPR spectroscopy. The combined analyses of INS and HF-EPR data yield the <i>D</i> values as +10.90(3), +12.74(3), and +4.50(3) cm^–1 for <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, respectively. Frequency- and temperature-dependent alternating-current magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal the slow magnetization relaxation in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> at an applied dc field of 600 Oe, which is a characteristic of field-induced single-molecule magnets (SMMs). The electronic structures and the origin of magnetic anisotropy of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were revealed by calculations at the CASPT2/NEVPT2 level

Slow Magnetic Relaxations in Cobalt(II) Tetranitrate Complexes. Studies of Magnetic Anisotropy by Inelastic Neutron Scattering and High-Frequency and High-Field EPR Spectroscopy

Three mononuclear cobalt­(II) tetranitrate complexes (A)₂[Co­(NO₃)₄] with different countercations, Ph₄P⁺ (<b>1</b>), MePh₃P⁺ (<b>2</b>), and Ph₄As⁺ (<b>3</b>), have been synthesized and studied by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, magnetic measurements, inelastic neutron scattering (INS), high-frequency and high-field EPR (HF-EPR) spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the structure of the tetranitrate cobalt anion varies with the countercation. <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> exhibit highly irregular seven-coordinate geometries, while the central Co­(II) ion of <b>3</b> is in a distorted-dodecahedral configuration. The sole magnetic transition observed in the INS spectroscopy of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> corresponds to the zero-field splitting (2­(<i>D</i>² + 3<i>E</i>²)^1/2) from 22.5(2) cm^–1 in <b>1</b> to 26.6(3) cm^–1 in <b>2</b> and 11.1(5) cm^–1 in <b>3</b>. The positive sign of the <i>D</i> value, and hence the easy-plane magnetic anisotropy, was demonstrated for <b>1</b> by INS studies under magnetic fields and HF-EPR spectroscopy. The combined analyses of INS and HF-EPR data yield the <i>D</i> values as +10.90(3), +12.74(3), and +4.50(3) cm^–1 for <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, respectively. Frequency- and temperature-dependent alternating-current magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal the slow magnetization relaxation in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> at an applied dc field of 600 Oe, which is a characteristic of field-induced single-molecule magnets (SMMs). The electronic structures and the origin of magnetic anisotropy of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were revealed by calculations at the CASPT2/NEVPT2 level

Slow Magnetic Relaxations in Cobalt(II) Tetranitrate Complexes. Studies of Magnetic Anisotropy by Inelastic Neutron Scattering and High-Frequency and High-Field EPR Spectroscopy

Three mononuclear cobalt­(II) tetranitrate complexes (A)₂[Co­(NO₃)₄] with different countercations, Ph₄P⁺ (<b>1</b>), MePh₃P⁺ (<b>2</b>), and Ph₄As⁺ (<b>3</b>), have been synthesized and studied by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, magnetic measurements, inelastic neutron scattering (INS), high-frequency and high-field EPR (HF-EPR) spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the structure of the tetranitrate cobalt anion varies with the countercation. <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> exhibit highly irregular seven-coordinate geometries, while the central Co­(II) ion of <b>3</b> is in a distorted-dodecahedral configuration. The sole magnetic transition observed in the INS spectroscopy of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> corresponds to the zero-field splitting (2­(<i>D</i>² + 3<i>E</i>²)^1/2) from 22.5(2) cm^–1 in <b>1</b> to 26.6(3) cm^–1 in <b>2</b> and 11.1(5) cm^–1 in <b>3</b>. The positive sign of the <i>D</i> value, and hence the easy-plane magnetic anisotropy, was demonstrated for <b>1</b> by INS studies under magnetic fields and HF-EPR spectroscopy. The combined analyses of INS and HF-EPR data yield the <i>D</i> values as +10.90(3), +12.74(3), and +4.50(3) cm^–1 for <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, respectively. Frequency- and temperature-dependent alternating-current magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal the slow magnetization relaxation in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> at an applied dc field of 600 Oe, which is a characteristic of field-induced single-molecule magnets (SMMs). The electronic structures and the origin of magnetic anisotropy of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were revealed by calculations at the CASPT2/NEVPT2 level

Slow Magnetic Relaxations in Cobalt(II) Tetranitrate Complexes. Studies of Magnetic Anisotropy by Inelastic Neutron Scattering and High-Frequency and High-Field EPR Spectroscopy

Three mononuclear cobalt­(II) tetranitrate complexes (A)₂[Co­(NO₃)₄] with different countercations, Ph₄P⁺ (<b>1</b>), MePh₃P⁺ (<b>2</b>), and Ph₄As⁺ (<b>3</b>), have been synthesized and studied by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, magnetic measurements, inelastic neutron scattering (INS), high-frequency and high-field EPR (HF-EPR) spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the structure of the tetranitrate cobalt anion varies with the countercation. <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> exhibit highly irregular seven-coordinate geometries, while the central Co­(II) ion of <b>3</b> is in a distorted-dodecahedral configuration. The sole magnetic transition observed in the INS spectroscopy of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> corresponds to the zero-field splitting (2­(<i>D</i>² + 3<i>E</i>²)^1/2) from 22.5(2) cm^–1 in <b>1</b> to 26.6(3) cm^–1 in <b>2</b> and 11.1(5) cm^–1 in <b>3</b>. The positive sign of the <i>D</i> value, and hence the easy-plane magnetic anisotropy, was demonstrated for <b>1</b> by INS studies under magnetic fields and HF-EPR spectroscopy. The combined analyses of INS and HF-EPR data yield the <i>D</i> values as +10.90(3), +12.74(3), and +4.50(3) cm^–1 for <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>, respectively. Frequency- and temperature-dependent alternating-current magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal the slow magnetization relaxation in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> at an applied dc field of 600 Oe, which is a characteristic of field-induced single-molecule magnets (SMMs). The electronic structures and the origin of magnetic anisotropy of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> were revealed by calculations at the CASPT2/NEVPT2 level

CEPC Conceptual Design Report: Volume 2 - Physics & Detector

The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) is a large international scientific facility proposed by the Chinese particle physics community to explore the Higgs boson and provide critical tests of the underlying fundamental physics principles of the Standard Model that might reveal new physics. The CEPC, to be hosted in China in a circular underground tunnel of approximately 100 km in circumference, is designed to operate as a Higgs factory producing electron-positron collisions with a center-of-mass energy of 240 GeV. The collider will also operate at around 91.2 GeV, as a Z factory, and at the WW production threshold (around 160 GeV). The CEPC will produce close to one trillion Z bosons, 100 million W bosons and over one million Higgs bosons. The vast amount of bottom quarks, charm quarks and tau-leptons produced in the decays of the Z bosons also makes the CEPC an effective B-factory and tau-charm factory. The CEPC will have two interaction points where two large detectors will be located. This document is the second volume of the CEPC Conceptual Design Report (CDR). It presents the physics case for the CEPC, describes conceptual designs of possible detectors and their technological options, highlights the expected detector and physics performance, and discusses future plans for detector R&D and physics investigations. The final CEPC detectors will be proposed and built by international collaborations but they are likely to be composed of the detector technologies included in the conceptual designs described in this document. A separate volume, Volume I, recently released, describes the design of the CEPC accelerator complex, its associated civil engineering, and strategic alternative scenarios