New Applications for Phage Integrases

Within the last twenty-five years bacteriophage integrases have rapidly risen to prominence as genetic tools for a wide range of applications from basic cloning to genome engineering. Serine integrases such as that from ϕC31 and its relatives have found an especially wide-range of applications within diverse micro-organisms right through to multi-cellular eukaryotes. Here we review the mechanisms of the two major families of integrases, the tyrosine and serine integrases, and the advantages and disadvantages of each type as they are applied in genome engineering and synthetic biology. In particular, we focus on the new areas of metabolic pathway construction and optimisation, bio-computing, heterologous expression and multiplexed assembly techniques. Integrases are versatile and efficient tools that can be used in conjunction with the various extant molecular biology tools to streamline the synthetic biology production line

Nanoparticulate-reinforced hyaluronan copolymer hydrogel for intervertebral disc repair, A

2011 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is an inevitable consequence of aging, commonly resulting in low back pain (LBP). Current clinical treatment options for disc degeneration exist at two extremes: conservative management or extensive surgical intervention. Given the economic impact of lost productivity and disability associated with low back pain, there is significant interest in earlier, less invasive intervention. Biomimetic disc replacement and regenerative therapies offer an attractive alternative strategy for intervertebral disc repair, but materials employed to date have not exhibited a successful combination of mechanical and biological properties to achieve viable solutions. The composite material developed and characterized in this work consisted of a novel hyaluronan-co-poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (HA-co-PEMA) hydrogel matrix reinforced with nanoparticulate silica; the hydrogel matrix provided a compliant hydrated matrix conducive to integration with the surrounding tissue while the nanoparticulate reinforcement was manipulated to mimic the mechanical performance of healthy ovine nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue. HA-co-PEMA was formed via an esterification reaction between a hydrophobically-modified HA complex and PEMA, and candidate formulations were characterized by chemical, thermal, and physical means to select an appropriate base hydrogel for the reinforced composite. Three grades of commercially-available fumed silica, varying by degree of hydrophobic surface modification, were evaluated as nanoparticulate reinforcement for the composite materials. Mechanical testing of two reinforced composite formulations (620-R and 720-R) emphasized dynamic shear properties and results were directly compared to ovine nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue. The complex shear modulus (G*) for 620-R ranged from 1.8±0.2 KPa to 2.4±0.3 KPa over the frequency range 0.1 Hz < f < 10 Hz, while G* for 720-R varied from 4.4 ± 0.5 KPa to 6.1 ± 0.6 KPa over the same frequency range. Ovine NP tissue tested using identical methods exhibited G* of 1.7 ± 0.2 KPa at 0.1 Hz up to 3.8 ± 0.5 KPa at 10 Hz. Thus, the complex shear moduli (G*) for 620-R and 720-R effectively bracketed G* for NP over a physiologically-relevant frequency range. Subsequent in vitro cytotoxicity and biocompatibility experiments suggest that the 720-R formulation warrants consideration for future in vivo modeling

Mirasol pathogen reduction technology treatment of human whole blood does not induce acute lung injury in mice.

In resource-limited settings and in the military theater, fresh human whole blood is commonly transfused, but infectious risks are a concern. Sophisticated molecular testing for potential infectious agents in the whole blood is often unavailable. To address this unmet need, pathogen reduction technology (PRT) has been developed, and it is an effective approach to inactivate a broad range of pathogens found in human blood. However, studies are needed to determine if it is harmful to blood cells and whether these cells could damage the transfused recipient, including the development of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this study, we used a commercial PRT system to treat human whole blood that was then transfused into immunodeficient mice, and the development of acute lung injury was determined. In a model of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), BALB/c SCID mice developed more robust lung injury when challenged with a MHC Class I monoclonal antibody compared to BALB/c wild-type and NOD/SCID mice. Transfusion of control versus Mirasol PRT-treated whole blood (25% blood volume exchange) into BALB/c SCID mice did not produce lung injury at storage day 1. However, mild lung injury at storage days 14 and 21 was observed without significant differences in lung injury measurements between Mirasol PRT-treated and control groups. The mild storage-dependent acute lung injury correlated with trends for increased levels of cell-free hemoglobin that accumulated in both the control and Mirasol PRT-treated groups. Neutrophil extracellular traps were elevated in the plasma of BALB/c SCID mice in the monoclonal antibody TRALI model, but were not different in mice that received exchange transfusions. In conclusion, exchange transfusion of human whole blood into immunodeficient mice produces mild lung injury that is storage-dependent and not related to pathogen reduction treatment

El Diario de Pontevedra : periódico liberal: Ano XXXV Número 10124 - 1918 xaneiro 5

In resource-limited settings and in the military theater, fresh human whole blood is commonly transfused, but infectious risks are a concern. Sophisticated molecular testing for potential infectious agents in the whole blood is often unavailable. To address this unmet need, pathogen reduction technology (PRT) has been developed, and it is an effective approach to inactivate a broad range of pathogens found in human blood. However, studies are needed to determine if it is harmful to blood cells and whether these cells could damage the transfused recipient, including the development of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this study, we used a commercial PRT system to treat human whole blood that was then transfused into immunodeficient mice, and the development of acute lung injury was determined. In a model of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), BALB/c SCID mice developed more robust lung injury when challenged with a MHC Class I monoclonal antibody compared to BALB/c wild-type and NOD/SCID mice. Transfusion of control versus Mirasol PRT-treated whole blood (25% blood volume exchange) into BALB/c SCID mice did not produce lung injury at storage day 1. However, mild lung injury at storage days 14 and 21 was observed without significant differences in lung injury measurements between Mirasol PRT-treated and control groups. The mild storage-dependent acute lung injury correlated with trends for increased levels of cell-free hemoglobin that accumulated in both the control and Mirasol PRT-treated groups. Neutrophil extracellular traps were elevated in the plasma of BALB/c SCID mice in the monoclonal antibody TRALI model, but were not different in mice that received exchange transfusions. In conclusion, exchange transfusion of human whole blood into immunodeficient mice produces mild lung injury that is storage-dependent and not related to pathogen reduction treatment

Presence of NETs in plasma after TRALI or human whole blood transfusion.

<p>Plasma NETs in BALB/c SCID mice challenged with no intervention, LPS priming, H-2^d mAb alone, LPS + H-2^d mAb, or LPS priming and either control or Mirasol.</p

Cell-free hemoglobin measured in control and Mirasol treated whole blood.

<p>Mirasol PRT treatment did not significantly change the amount of cell-free hemoglobin measured in supernatants of whole blood bags. Between group measurements are not statistically different at 1, 14, and 21 days of blood storage. Mean ± SEM. n = 3–6 per group. p = 0.19 for trend in hemoglobin values in control group (ANOVA). p = 0.08 for trend in hemoglobin values in Mirasol group (ANOVA).</p