The module for control and data acquisition of Pyranometers

Tato práce pojednává o měření intenzity slunečního záření pomocí pyranometru. Teoreticky rozebírá princip vzniku slunečního záření a jeho vliv na fotovoltaické články. Dále popisuje způsoby pro měření různých složek slunečního záření. Úkolem práce je realizovat stanoviště pro dlouhodobé monitorování globální a difůzní složky slunečního záření pomocí pyranometru a naměřené hodnoty vyhodnotit. Vytvořený program, který ukládá dlouhodobě monitorovaná data sluneční energie je součástí měřícího stanoviště.This work deals with measuring of intensity solar radiation by pyranometer. In theory discusses the principle of solar radiation and its effects on photovoltaic cells. Also describes methods to measure different components of solar radiation. A task work is realize station for long time monitoring of global and diffuse components of solar radiation by pyranometer and measured values evaluace

Initial clusters in pre-Proto-Nivkh: Internal reconstruction from Proto-Nivkh

Building on recent work towards the reconstruction of Proto- and pre-Proto-Nivkh (Fortescue, 2016; Janhunen, 2016; Halm, 2017; Halm & Slater, 2018), we use internal reconstruction to investigate two developments (probably regular sound changes) of initial consonant clusters in pre-Proto-Nivkh, taking rigorously reconstructable Proto-Nivkh forms as our point of departure. These developments are: (1) the surface-level loss of an original manner contrast (perhaps plosive-versus-fricative) in oral obstruents in cluster-second position, leaving only a morphophonemic contrast (between obstruents which show a predictable plosive-fricative alternation under prefixation and those which remain fricatives invariantly) as its reflex; and much more tentatively, (2) the deletion of original palatal glides in syllable onsets originally containing any consonant cluster

Returning to the Statutory Text: Why the Language of Section 13(b) Requires Courts to Narrowly Construe the FTC’s Ability to Obtain Injunctive Relief

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) enforces over 70 laws in the areas of antitrust and consumer protection, and one valuable tool to support their enforcement is Section 13(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (“Section 13(b)”). Section 13(b), among other features, grants the FTC authority to seek an injunction in district court against any defendant that is “about to violate” one or more of those laws. For the past three decades, courts have adopted a permissive judicial interpretation of that language, authorizing injunctions against defendants when the allegedly impending violations were only “likely to recur” based on past misconduct. This is known as the “likelihood of recurrence” standard. Recently, the Third Circuit’s holding in FTC v. Shire Viropharma, Inc. potentially upends the longstanding dominance of that permissive judicial interpretation. Shire found that the “likelihood of recurrence” standard was incompatible with the statutory text of Section 13(b). In particular, the court found that the phrase “about to violate” sets a benchmark for seeking injunctive relief that is higher than the “likelihood of recurrence” standard. In other words, for the FTC to seek injunctive relief, the alleged violation needs to truly be about to occur rather than merely likely to occur. An examination of the plain meaning and congressional intent, which can be discerned from the legislative history, of Section 13(b) shows that the statute does indeed set a standard for awarding injunctive relief that is higher than the “likelihood of recurrence” standard. Namely, Section 13(b) requires that future violations be imminent or impending–not merely likely–for injunctive relief to be granted. Since the “likelihood of recurrence” test does not comport with the plain meaning or congressional intent of the statute, courts should no longer use it when determining if a defendant is “about to violate” the law. Instead, courts should undertake an analysis that is true to the text, and carefully and properly consider whether future violations are genuinely about to occur

Putting Flesh on the Bones of \u3ci\u3eUnited States v. Winans\u3c/i\u3e: Private Party Liability under Treaties That Reserve Actual Fish for the Tribal Taking

One hundred years ago, in United States v. Winans, the United States Supreme Court announced that private parties are subject to the rights reserved by Indians under treaty. Accordingly, tribes enforce their treaty fishing rights in federal court to halt private and government actions that threaten to impair their reserved right to take a fair portion of fish from usual and accustomed fishing stations. In addition to injunctive relief, federal courts may award monetary relief to tribes where Congress limits the treaty fishing right. In general, monetary relief is a remedy against any defendant actor who impairs non-fishing treaty-reserved rights. Furthermore, courts have long awarded damages to commercial fishers for interference with their vocational rights. Courts in the Ninth Circuit, however, have denied monetary relief to tribes when private projects destroy the treaty right to take fish. This Comment argues that courts should award damages to tribes when private projects proximately cause harm to a tribe\u27s right to take actual fish