Investigation of pH-sensitive mechanism and anticancer application of switchable lipid nanoparticles

Les lipides « switch » - bascules - appartiennent à la famille des matériaux sensibles à un stimulus. Quand ces lipides bascules sont incorporés aux nanoparticules lipidiques (LNP), ils permettent la délivrance contrôlée grâce à un changement de conformation activé par une baisse de pH. Des expériences précédentes avaient démontré que les LNP bascules ont transfecté le petits ARN interférents (siRNA) in vitro et in vivo, silençant la protéine fluorescente verte (GFP) et la protéine hépatique Facteur VII, respectivement. La double administration de micro ARN (miRNA) et d'agent anticancéreux melphalan a également été réalisée par les LNP bascule sur un modèle de rétinoblastome murin. Ces résultats prometteurs nous ont encouragé à élargir les applications de LNP bascules en tant que vecteur de siRNA. De plus, le mécanisme par lequel les LNP bascules induisent la déstabilisation de la membrane et la libération de matériaux encapsulé au milleu acide reste obscur. La compréhension de ce mécanisme est cruciale pour cerner les avantages et les limites des LNP bascules, pour proposer des futures applications et pour prévenir leur toxicité. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons comme objectif d’évaluer le potentiel des LNP bascules pour le traitement du cancer. Nous avons évalué les LNP bascules comme vecteur de livraison du siRNA ciblant l'une des protéines cancéreuses les plus spécifiques découvertes à ce jour, la survivine. En parallèle, nous avons étudié le comportement biophysique des membranes contenant des lipides bascules dans des vésicules de taille micromètrique. Dans la première étude, nous avons démontré que les LNP bascules ont permis le silençage de la survivine dans une gamme de lignées cellulaires cancéreuses (poumon, cervical, ovaire, sein, côlon, rétinoblastome). Dans les cellules du rétinoblastome humain (Y79), nous avons examiné plusieurs agents cytotoxiques utilisés en clinique quant à leur synergie avec le silençage de la survivine: melphalan, topotécan, téniposide et carboplatine. Le prétraitement avec les LNP chargées de siRNA-survivine a amélioré de manière synergique la cytotoxicité du carboplatine et du melphalan mais dans une moindre mesure celle du topotécan et du téniposide. Cet effet était spécifique aux cellules cancéreuses car les cellules saines (ARPE.19) n'exprimaient pas de survivine. L'inhibition de la survivine par silençage de siRNA s'est révélée plus spécifique et moins dommageable pour les cellules saines (ARPE.19) que le YM155, un inhibiteur moléculaire de la survivine. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons observé par microscopie confocale que les lipides bascules induisaient rapidement le stress, la fission et une courbure positive dans les membranes des vésicules unilamellaires géantes lorsqu'elles étaient exposées à des conditions acides. La dynamique de la membrane a été confirmée par des expériences de diffusion dynamique de la lumière (DLS) et de fuite de calcéine. Ces phénomènes ont également été observés lorsque des lipides bascules ont été incorporés dans une membrane hybride polymère/lipide, fournissant des propriétés sensibles au pH aux vésicules hybrides. À notre connaissance, c'est la première fois qu'une vésicule hybride sensible au pH est reportée. Nos résultats corroborent l'applicabilité des LNP bascules en tant qu'agents de vectorisation des siRNA pour le traitement du cancer grâce au silençage de la survivine, en particulier comme adjuvant à la chimiothérapie. L'investigation biophysique a révélé que les lipides bascules agissent sur la fluidité de la membrane, en particulier à pH acide. Cette sélectivité en pH garantit leur biocompatibilité à pH neutre ainsi que la libération efficace et rapide de leur cargo à pH acide. La compatibilité avec les vésicules hybrides polymère/lipide ouvre de nouvelles applications au niveau de vésicules biomimétiques et l'administration de médicaments.Cationic switchable lipids belong to the class of stimuli-responsive materials. When incorporated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP), switchable LNP promote pH-triggered delivery of payload based on a molecular switch mechanism. Previous studies have demonstrated that switchable LNP successfully delivered small interferring RNA (siRNA) in vitro and in vivo, promoting the silencing of a reporter Green Fluorescencen Protein (GFP) protein and liver-produced factor VII, respectively. Dual delivery of micro RNA (miRNA) and anticancer agent melphalan was also achieved through switchable LNP in a retinoblastoma rat model. These promising results encouraged us to enlarge the applications of switchable LNP as siRNA carrier. Moreover, the mechanism whereby switchable LNP mediate acid-triggered membrane destabilization and, thus, payload release remains elusive. Understanding this mechanism is crucial to draw the advantages and limitations of switchable LNP, and to tailor their future applications and prevent their potential toxicity. In this dissertation, we aimed to further understand the potential of switchable LNP for cancer treatment. We assessed switchable LNP as a siRNA delivery carrier by targeting one of the most specific cancer protein discovered to date, survivin. Meanwhile, we investigated the biophysical behavior of switchable-lipid containing membranes in micron-sized vesicles. In the first study, we demonstrated that switchable LNP efficiently silenced survivin in a range of cancer cell line models (lung, cervical, ovary, breast, colon, retinoblastoma). In retinoblastoma (RB) cells (Y79), several clinically used cytotoxic agents were screened for their synergy with survivin silencing: melphalan, topotecan, Teniposide, and carboplatin. Pretreatment with LNP loaded with siRNA targeted against survivin synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of carboplatin and melphalan but in lesser extent topotecan and teniposide. This effect was specific to cancer cells since healthy cells (ARPE.19) did not express survivin. Survivin inhibition through siRNA silencing revealed more specific and less damageable for healthy cells (ARPE.19) than a molecular approach, such as YM155. In the second study, we observed by confocal microscopy that switchable lipids rapidly induced stress, fission, and positive curvature in giant unilamellar vesicles’ membranes when submitted to acidic conditions. The membrane dynamics was confirmed by dynamic light scattering and calcein leakage experiments. Remarkably, these phenomena were also observed when switchable lipids were embedded into a hybrid polymer/lipid membrane, providing pH-sensitive properties to hybrid vesicles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a pH-sensitive hybrid vesicle is reported. Our findings corroborate with the applicability of switchable LNP as siRNA delivery agents for cancer treatment through survivin silencing, especially as an adjuvant to chemotherapy. The biophysical investigation revealed that the switchable lipids act on the membrane fluidity, specifically at acidic pH. This pH selectivity guarantees their biocompatibility at neutral pH as well as its efficient and quick release of their cargo at acidic pH. Their compatibility with hybrid polymer/lipid vesicles opens new applications in biomimetic vesicles and drug delivery

The Role of MiR-181 Family Members in Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Tumor Angiogenesis

Endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in many human angiogenesis-related diseases, including cancer and retinopathies. Small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) repress gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They are critical for endothelial cell gene expression and function and are involved in many pathophysiological processes. The miR-181 family is one of the essential angiogenic regulators. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the role of miR-181 family members in endothelial cell dysfunction, with emphasis on their pathophysiological roles in aberrant angiogenesis. The actions of miR-181 members are summarized concerning their targets and associated major angiogenic signaling pathways in a cancer-specific context. Elucidating the underlying functional mechanisms of miR-181 family members that are dysregulated in endothelial cells or cancer cells is invaluable for developing miRNA-based therapeutics for angiogenesis-related diseases such as retinopathies, angiogenic tumors, and cancer. Finally, potential clinical applications of miR-181 family members in anti-angiogenic tumor therapy are discussed

Switchable Lipid Provides pH-Sensitive Properties to Lipid and Hybrid Polymer/Lipid Membranes

Blending amphiphilic copolymers and lipids constitutes a novel approach to combine the advantages of polymersomes and liposomes into a new single hybrid membrane. Efforts have been made to design stimuli-responsive vesicles, in which the membrane’s dynamic is modulated by specific triggers. In this investigation, we proposed the design of pH-responsive hybrid vesicles formulated with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) backbone (PDMS36-b-PEO23) and cationic switchable lipid (CSL). The latter undergoes a pH-triggered conformational change and induces membrane destabilization. Using confocal imaging and DLS measurements, we interrogated the structural changes in CSL-doped lipid and hybrid polymer/lipid unilamellar vesicles at the micro- and nanometric scale, respectively. Both switchable giant unilamellar lipid vesicles (GUV) and hybrid polymer/lipid unilamellar vesicles (GHUV) presented dynamic morphological changes, including protrusions and fission upon acidification. At the submicron scale, scattered intensity decreased for both switchable large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and hybrid vesicles (LHUV) under acidic pH. Finally, monitoring the fluorescence leakage of encapsulated calcein, we attested that CSL increased the permeability of GUV and GHUV in a pH-specific fashion. Altogether, these results show that switchable lipids provide a pH-sensitive behavior to hybrid polymer/lipid vesicles that could be exploited for the triggered release of drugs, cell biomimicry studies, or as bioinspired micro/nanoreactors

Survivin silencing improved the cytotoxicity of carboplatin and melphalan in Y79 and primary retinoblastoma cells

International audienceSurvivin stands out as one of the most specific cancer targets discovered to date. Although single inhibition, e.g. through small interfering RNA (siRNA), has shown modest results in clinical trials, its combination with drugs holds promise to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutics. In this study, we propose a sequential treatment of siRNA survivin followed by chemotherapy. Firstly, we demonstrated that siRNA-loaded switchable lipid nanoparticles (siLNP) silence survivin in a panel of cancer cell lines. Subsequently, we selected retinoblastoma (RB) as our model to screen four chemotherapeutic agents: carboplatin, topotecan, melphalan or teniposide. The effect of drugs on survivin expression and caspase-3 was investigated by RT-qPCR. The best drug combination was selected measuring the viability, survivin expression and the selectivity of the treatment. Our stepwise method revealed that siRNA delivery by switchable LNP sensitized Y79, but not the healthy APRE-19 cell line, to carboplatin and melphalan cytotoxicity. This ability was validated on primary human RB cells. Finally, the distinct behavior of the drugs demonstrated that a diligent screening of drugs should be envisioned when looking for synergy with survivin. Our sequential approach highlighted carboplatin and melphalan as agents to be investigated in future survivin-associated in vivo testing to tackle RB

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

International audienceIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field