Gesäte und gepflanzte Rüben im Vergleich

Beim Anbau von Biozuckerrüben ist die Wirtschaftlichkeit massgeblich vom Aufwand mit Handarbeitsstunden abhängig. Zu deren Reduktion werden zwei Ansätze verfolgt: das Pflanzen von Rüben und die Nutzung von Precision Farming

Acute and late toxicity in prostate cancer patients treated by dose escalated intensity modulated radiation therapy and organ tracking

BACKGROUND: To report acute and late toxicity in prostate cancer patients treated by dose escalated intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and organ tracking. METHODS: From 06/2004 to 12/2005 39 men were treated by 80 Gy IMRT along with organ tracking. Median age was 69 years, risk of recurrence was low 18%, intermediate 21% and high in 61% patients. Hormone therapy (HT) was received by 74% of patients. Toxicity was scored according to the CTC scale version 3.0. Median follow-up (FU) was 29 months. RESULTS: Acute and maximal late grade 2 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity was 3% and 8%, late grade 2 GI toxicity dropped to 0% at the end of FU. No acute or late grade 3 GI toxicity was observed. Grade 2 and 3 pre-treatment genitourinary (GU) morbidity (PGUM) was 20% and 5%. Acute and maximal late grade 2 GU toxicity was 56% and 28% and late grade 2 GU toxicity decreased to 15% of patients at the end of FU. Acute and maximal late grade 3 GU toxicity was 8% and 3%, respectively. Decreased late > or = grade 2 GU toxicity free survival was associated with higher age (P = .025), absence of HT (P = .016) and higher PGUM (P < .001). DISCUSSION: GI toxicity rates after IMRT and organ tracking are excellent, GU toxicity rates are strongly related to PGUM

Estimation of urban sensible heat flux using a dense wireless network of observations

The determination of the sensible heat flux over urban terrain is challenging due to irregular surface geometry and surface types. To address this, in 2006-07, a major field campaign (LUCE) took place at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne campus, a moderately occupied urban site. A distributed network of 92 wireless weather stations was combined with routine atmospheric profiling, offering high temporal and spatial resolution meteorological measurements. The objective of this study is to estimate the sensible heat flux over the built environment under convective conditions. Calculations were based on Monin-Obukhov similarity for temperature in the surface layer. The results illustrate a good agreement between the sensible heat flux inferred from the thermal roughness length approach and independent calibrated measurements from a scintillometer located inside the urban canopy. It also shows that using only one well-selected station can provide a good estimate of the sensible heat flux over the campus for convective conditions. Overall, this study illustrates how an extensive network of meteorological measurements can be a useful tool to estimate the sensible heat flux in complex urban environment

Determination of the Thermal Roughness Length for a Built Environment

In this study, the scalar roughness for sensible heat in the temperature profile (z0,h) is determined based on direct skin temperature measurements and profiles of wind and temperature in a complex urban environment. Typically, skin temperatures are inferred from remotely sensed data (e.g. satellite). However, in complex environments like cities, strong heterogeneities exist in the temperature fields at scales that cannot be resolved by remote sensing. Because they are more precise, in situ measurements, when available, offer a more reliable alternative than remote sensing measurements for measuring temperature. In this study, 91 wireless weather stations spread over a complex urban area of 300 x 450 m offer high temporal and spatial resolution meteorological measurements from December 2006 to April 2007. The study site is the campus of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. The objective here is to calculate the temperature roughness length in order to estimate the sensible heat flux between the ground and the atmospheric surface layer. Calculations are based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity model for temperature in the surface layer. Wind and temperature profiles are measured using a Sound Detection and Ranging System (SODAR) and a Radio Acoustic Sound System (RASS). To test our approach, we study the dependence of the surface roughness on the wind direction in relation with the campus. Sensitivity analyses of classical surface temperature estimates are also detailed and compared. Overall, this study illustrates how an extensive network of meteorological measurements can increase our understanding of the land-atmosphere interactions at the smallest scales involved in complex urban settings

Determination of Thermal Roughness Length for Complex Urban Areas with High Resolution Meteorological Stations

In this study, we determine the scalar roughness for sensible heat in the temperature profile (z0,h) based on direct skin temperature measurements and profiles of wind and temperature in a complex urban environment. Classically, skin temperatures are inferred from remotely sensed data (e.g. satellite). However, in complex settings like cities, strong heterogeneities exist in the temperature fields at scales that cannot be resolved by remote sensing. Because they are more precise, in situ measurements, when available, offer a more reliable alternative than remote sensing measurements for measuring temperature. In this study, 91 wireless weather stations are deployed over the campus of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (300 x 450 m), offering high temporal and spatial resolution meteorological measurements from December 2006 to April 2007. The objective here is to calculate the temperature roughness length in order to estimate the sensible heat flux between the ground and the atmospheric surface layer. Calculations are based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity model for temperature in the surface layer. Wind and temperature profiles are measured using a Sound Detection and Ranging System (SODAR) and a Radio Acoustic Sound System (RASS). To test our approach, we study the dependence of the surface roughness on the wind direction in relation with the campus. Sensitivity analyses of classical surface temperature estimates are also detailed and compared. Overall, this study illustrates how an extensive network of meteorological measurements can improve our understanding of the land-atmosphere interactions at the smallest scales involved in complex urban environments

Hydrologic response of an alpine watershed: Application of a meteorological wireless sensor network to understand streamflow generation

A field measurement campaign was conducted from June to October 2009 in a 20 km2 catchment of the Swiss Alps with a wireless network of 12 weather stations and river discharge monitoring. The objective was to investigate the spatial variability of meteorological forcing and to assess its impact on streamflow generation. The analysis of the runoff dynamics highlighted the important contribution of snowmelt from spring to early summer. During the entire experimental period, the streamflow discharge was dominated by base flow contributions with temporal variations due to occasional rainfall-runoff events and a regular contribution from glacier melt. Given the importance of snow and ice melt runoff in this catchment, patterns of near-surface air temperatures were studied in detail. Statistical data analyses revealed that meteorological variables inside the watershed exhibit spatial variability. Air temperatures were influenced by topographic effects such as slope, aspect, and elevation. Rainfall was found to be spatially variable inside the catchment. The impact of this variability on streamflow generation was assessed using a lumped degree-day model. Despite the variability within the watershed, the streamflow discharge could be described using the lumped model. The novelty of this work mainly consists in quantifying spatial variability for a small watershed and showing to which extent this is important. When the focus is on aggregated outputs, such as streamflow discharge, average values of meteorological forcing can be adequately used. On the contrary, when the focus is on distributed fields such as evaporation or soil moisture, their estimate can benefit from distributed measurements

Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Aligning the CMS Muon Chambers with the Muon Alignment System during an Extended Cosmic Ray Run

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