Pantoea agglomerans-Induced Dieback in Pistachio in Chile

Pistachio crops have a great economic potential, as their global production has increased dramatically over the past few decades. Therefore, it is important to maintain the healthy phytosanitary status of pistachio crops. In a Chilean pistachio orchard, a dieback of the trees was observed, with blighting of twigs and severe necrosis in the trunk and twigs. Bacterial isolation, pathogenicity tests and molecular characterization were conducted to determine the causal agent of the observed disease. The bacterial isolation and analysis of 16S rRNA gene led to the identification of Pantoea genus bacteria. Pathogenicity tests carried out on fruits inoculated with Pantoea isolates induced large necrosis seven days post-inoculation. Further inoculations were carried out on pruning cuttings and on the trunk of 18-month-old pistachio plants. Thirty-one weeks after inoculation, necrotic lesions were observed in the wood of pistachio plants. Sequence analysis of housekeeping genes enabled the isolated bacterium to be identified as Pantoa agglomerans, and to verify its role as the causal agent of the pistachio dieback with necrotic lesions. This is the first report of an occurrence of P. agglomerans inducing dieback in pistachio

Correlation between TDR and FDR Soil Moisture Measurements at Different Scales to Establish Water Availability at the South of the Yucatan Peninsula

The advantages that offer new techniques such as remote sensing to estimate soil moisture require local accurate measurements of this variable since these values are key to validate the estimated ones. The chapter analyses the performance to measure soil moisture using different sensors that correspond to different scales at the field. Sensors used were based on reflectometry, time and frequency, which were calibrated with gravimetric measurements. Additionally to have accurate soil moisture values, the idea is to have an operational system in a very complex ecosystem in order to see its influence to maintain the aguadas (small natural lagoons) at the south of the Yucatan Peninsula. These aguadas represent an important source of water in the region because the area presents shortage associated not only with the climate variation but also with high influence due to the type of soils (karst). Results demonstrated that the sensors tested were accurate particularly in the rainy season with some differences in the dry period, and also, the sensitivity of each device was determinant. Results will cover different areas from point to small regions (<4 km), since soil moisture data obtained could be extrapolated to different scales based on the climate, vegetation and type of soil, to compute the real water availability for the communities in the zone

Estimación de los betas patrimoniales de los principales sectores económicos del Ecuador

El presente trabajo estima los betas patrimoniales para diferentes sectores del Ecuador en el periodo 2017-2021. Con este fin se recolecta información de empresas a nivel latinoamericano que sean comparables al caso ecuatoriano, ya que, en Ecuador no existe un mercado de valores desarrollado y suficientemente líquido. La metodología utilizada para estimar los betas está sustentada en el modelo CAPM, misma que no se ha realizado de forma adecuada en el país. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el sector de Manufactura (excepto refinación de petróleo) y construcción tienen betas superiores a 1, es decir estos sectores son más sensibles ante las variaciones en el mercado. Los sectores de Enseñanza, Servicios sociales y de salud, Transporte, Comercio y Agricultura, ganadería, caza y silvicultura tienen betas inferiores a 1 lo que implica que son menos riesgosas y sus rendimientos son menos volátiles con respecto al mercado. La información proporcionada sirve como referencia para inversionistas, reguladores, autoridades financieras u otros grupos de interés, considerando la incertidumbre del mercado estas pueden variar con el tiempo, dependiendo de las condiciones del mercado y de la evolución del sector.This paper estimates the equity betas for different sectors in Ecuador during the period of 2017- 2021. To achieve this, information is collected from Latin American companies that are comparable to the Ecuadorian case, since Ecuador does not have a developed and sufficiently liquid stock market. The methodology used to estimate the betas is based on the CAPM model, which has not been previously used in the country. The results obtained show that the Manufacturing sector (excluding oil refining) and Construction have betas greater than 1, meaning that these sectors are more sensitive to market fluctuations. The sectors of Education and Social Services, Transportation, Commerce, and Agriculture, Livestock, Hunting, and Forestry have betas less than 1, which implies that they are less risky and their returns are less volatile with respect to the market. The information provided serves as a reference for investors, regulators, financial authorities, or other stakeholders, considering the market uncertainty that can vary over time, depending on market conditions and sector evolution.0000-0003-2218-621

El profesorado de Historia y Ciencias Sociales frente al desafío de educar en contextos multiculturales

El siguiente artículo es producto de una investigación cualitativa acerca de las prácticas pedagógicas realizadas por docentes de Historia y Ciencias Sociales en contextos multiculturales vulnerables. Asimismo, es un estudio de casos múltiples, donde se analizaron  tres contextos distintos, en  los que confuyen diversos sujetos, como peruanos, mapuches y haitianos. Analizamos estos espacios bajo las siguientes categorías: multiculturalidad, interculturalidad, vulnerabilidad, inclusión/exclusión, práctica pedagógica, género y diversidad, las cuales, fueron transversales durante el desarrollo de este trabajo

Violencia de género. Escenarios y quehaceres pendientes

La obra Violencia de género. Escenarios y quehaceres pendientes es producto de la importancia que para la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México representa profundizar en los problemas sociales, como la violencia contra las mujeres, que para ser atendida y pueda disminuir requiere de la investigación multidisciplinaria. Asimismo, del interés que se tiene en vincular el conocimiento científico con el quehacer del sector público y las tareas gubernamentales. El objetivo es que el libro sea de interés para toda aquella población cuya tarea se dirija a atender el maltrato a las mujeres desde las instituciones hasta las organizaciones civiles, y sea de provecho para la comunidad universitaria. Al respecto, el Centro de Investigación en Estudios de Género y Equidad propició el espacio para establecer un debate con especialistas en estudios de género de distintas universidades, que permitió reconocer los avances y quehaceres pendientes relacionados con la eliminación de la violencia de género, así como explicar sus causas y las sugerencias para eliminarla o aminorarla. En este sentido, la obra contribuye a cumplir con uno de los objetivos de esta Casa de Estudios: difundir la perspectiva de igualdad de género, en relación con el respeto de los Derechos Humanos de las mujeres y de los hombres. Cabe reconocer la colaboración de los cuerpos académicos que conforman la Red de Fortalecimiento de la Equidad de Género de la uaem, así como la participación de las investigadoras de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica.El presente volumen Violencia de género: escenarios y quehaceres pendientes, es un texto que integra el resultado de una serie de investigaciones, que diversas/os especialistas nacionales y extranjeras/os que desde varias disciplinas y espacios han obtenido acerca de la dinámica y/o prevención de la violencia de género. El libro inicia con un capítulo intitulado: “Estudiantes universitarios y violencia en el salón de clase”, debido a que las sociólogas Alma Rosa Sánchez Olvera y Raquel Güereca Torres, se dieron a la tarea de indagar situaciones violentas en las aulas de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores de Acatlán (unam) y de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco. A través de la aplicación de una encuesta y varias entrevistas grupales realizadas entre algunos núcleos del estudiantado universitario, las investigadoras identificaron los tipos de violencia que las y los estudiantes dicen vivir en el salón de clase, particularmente las referidas en la relación docente alumna/o. Asimismo, las autoras encontraron interesantes diferencias en los rasgos identitarios de las y los estudiantes de esas instituciones. También en el trabajo se discute qué es la violencia escolar y cómo se manifiestan las relaciones de poder en el salón de clase. De acuerdo con las investigadoras, dentro de los hallazgos más importantes destacan las asimetrías en el espacio escolar, expresadas en una desigualdad intergenérica e intragénerica, lo cual indica que la violencia de género es también padecida y ejercida por los hombres, y no sólo incide sobre las mujeres. De igual manera, la investigación aporta testimonios acerca del abuso que algunas mujeres (investidas de cierto poder o autoridad) ejercen contra sus congéneres o hacia los varones. El estudio también consideró las formas sutiles de la violencia, como la presión psicológica, la discriminación social, la imposición cultural, variantes de la violencia simbólica, abanico de posibilidades que intenta explicar las relaciones de dominio maestra/o-alumna/o, personal administrativo-alumnas/os, así como entre alumnas/os en el nivel académico. También, interesada en el tema de la violencia sexual en ambientes escolares, Fannella Giusti Minotre presenta el trabajo: “Percepciones del hostigamiento sexual en la academia: la experiencia de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica”, donde la autora expone un resumen de los principales hallazgos obtenidos en el Diagnóstico de percepciones del hostigamiento sexual en autoridades de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, investigación que se desarrolló durante 2011. El estudio se inscribió en el marco del proyecto “Implementación y Ejecución de la Política Institucional contra el Hostigamiento Sexual en la una”, y respondió a la necesidad de diagnosticar los mecanismos institucionales que legitiman y perpetúan el ejercicio de prácticas de hostigamiento sexual en la universidad nacional del país centroamericano. Del mismo modo, este diagnóstico permitió identificar la necesidad de continuar con esta línea de investigación en el espacio universitario referido, ya que es indispensable profundizar y sistematizar las formas, manifestaciones, prevalencia, causas, actores involucrados en el hostigamiento sexual, para su eventual erradicación

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico y relaci&oacute;n con el control metab&oacute;lico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal cr&oacute;nico con hemodi&aacute;lisis en Bogot&aacute;, ColombiaAmputaci&oacute;n de extremidades inferiores: &iquest;est&aacute;n aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en j&oacute;venes universitariosC&oacute;mo crecen ni&ntilde;os normales de 2 a&ntilde;os que son sobrepeso a los 7 a&ntilde;osDiagn&oacute;stico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Regi&oacute;n MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervenci&oacute;n con ejercicio f&iacute;sico, en ni&ntilde;os con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirug&iacute;a bari&aacute;trica en pacientes con s&iacute;ndrome metab&oacute;lico e IMC &lt; 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades cr&oacute;nicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiolog&iacute;a de las muertes hospitalarias por patolog&iacute;as relacionadas a muerte encef&aacute;lica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4&ordm; medio de la Regi&oacute;n de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluaci&oacute;n del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en poblaci&oacute;n universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de Tarapac&aacute;Implicancias psicosociales en la g&eacute;nesis, evoluci&oacute;n y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensi&oacute;n arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducci&oacute;n de nuevas TIC y mejor&iacute;a de la asistencia a un programa de saludNi&ntilde;os obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por c&aacute;ncer de cuello uterino en R&iacute;o de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicaci&oacute;n en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en poblaci&oacute;n preescolar y su relaci&oacute;n con malnutrici&oacute;n por excesoPrevalencia de retinopat&iacute;a diab&eacute;tica en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacol&oacute;gica antihipertensiva en poblaci&oacute;n mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biol&oacute;gico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad p&uacute;blica del estado de S&atilde;o Paul

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings