Aspectos físicos, químicos y biológicos de la contaminación hospitalaria

En latín hospital “hospitalis” es un adjetivo que quiere decir amable y caritativo con los huéspedes. Para la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el hospital es parte integrante de una organización médica y social cuya misión consiste en proporcionar a la población una asistencia médico-sanitaria completa, tanto curativa como preventiva, y cuyos servicios externos irradian hasta el ámbito familiar. El hospital, también es un centro de formación de personal médico-sanitario y de investigación biosocial, según Alippi (1991).La electricidad estática o estática es un fenómeno físico-químico que se presenta en las partículas y superficies de un sistema dinámico, como lo es el ambiente hospitalario. Mediante el intercambio de cargas, los contaminantes pueden ser atrapados y distribuidos por todas las áreas, pudiendo ser la causa de alteración del estado de salud del personal y de los pacientes, alterando la respuesta del tratamiento o causando enfermedades hospitalarias, como es el caso de las infecciones nosocomiales (IN)

ESTERILIZACIÓN (CALOR HÚMEDO)

SÓLO VISIÓN PROYECTABLE

Sistema de Gestión Integral de Residuos en una Empresa Automotriz

A medida que el mundo ha ido evolucionando, la sociedad ha ido cambiando sus esquemas de consumo y producción, el mundo se ha tornado más productivo para sostener la demanda de la sociedad actual y a su vez, los productos y residuos han aumentado su ciclo de vida, se han tornado cada vez más complejos por su composición, antes los residuos era más de composición orgánica, hoy es más compleja lo que trae como consecuencia un aumento en los volúmenes siendo una preocupación la gestión de residuos a nivel mundial, haciéndose un tema de gran preocupación no sólo para el gobierno, sino también para las organizaciones no gubernamentales. La industria automotriz a nivel nacional, es el sector productivo que ocupa el tercer lugar en generación de residuos peligrosos por ello, se implementa un Sistema de Gestión Integral de Residuos, realizando un diagrama de proceso desde el inicio del proceso, analizando entradas y salidas a las entradas de la materia prima haciendo compras razonables con el enfoque de evitar que los residuos sean generados, hacer comprar más amigables al ambiente con el menor impacto ambiental, con menos empaque, con el menor riesgo posible al ambiente y al personal involucrado, por ello, como parte de la mejora continua, explícito en la norma ISO 14001:2004 en su elemento 4.1, se hace un análisis de entradas y salidas en una empresa automotriz, desde que inicia el proceso hasta que termina para determinar, categorizar y cuantificar los residuos peligrosos y de manejo especial realizando un sistema de gestión integral con un enfoque de prevención, minimización, reúso, reciclo, tratamiento, coprocesamiento o conexión a otro proceso, dejando al último el confinamiento que vaya más allá de un simple cumplimiento legal donde no solo lo ambiental se vea favorecido si no también lo económico y lo social

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe

Pseudorapidity and transverse-momentum distributions of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The pseudorapidity (eta) and transverse-momentum (p(T)) distributions of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions are measured at the centre-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV. The pseudorapidity distribution in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1.8 is reported for inelastic events and for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The pseudorapidity density of charged particles produced in the pseudorapidity region vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.5 is 5.31 +/- 0.18 and 6.46 +/- 0.19 for the two event classes, respectively. The transverse-momentum distribution of charged particles is measured in the range 0.15 <p(T) <20 GeV/c and vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.8 for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The evolution of the transverse momentum spectra of charged particles is also investigated as a function of event multiplicity. The results are compared with calculations from PYTHIA and EPOS Monte Carlo generators. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe