Overvoltage Limitation Method of an Offshore Wind Farm with DC Series Parallel Collection Grid

This paper describes the characteristics of a series parallel wind farm (SPWF) topology and investigates the control strategy to ensure its safe operation. The SPWF was found to have advantages over other pure dc wind farm architectures in terms of lower construction cost and lower power losses in the collection system. However, unbalance power productions among the wind turbines cause the variations of their output voltages, which may endanger the safe operation of the entire wind farm. This paper proposes a global control strategy that prevents wind turbines from operating above their overvoltage capabilities.With an active participation of the onshore converter, the proposed strategy allows maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the wind turbines. The practical limitations of this strategy are discussed and improvements are given. The feasibility of the proposed method is validated in a simulation of 300 MW wind farm developed in EMTP-RV

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Outline and energy flow optimization of offshore and onshore renewable farm, using DC grid

Les objectifs concernant la part des énergies renouvelables dans la production d'électricité sont de 20 % en 2020 en UE. L'éolien offshore principalement ainsi que les ressources hydroliennes et les panneaux photovoltaïques, vont contribuer à cet objectif. Les améliorations récentes dans le domaine de l'électronique de puissance amènent à repenser les architectures électrotechniques des fermes éoliennes de plus en plus éloignées du continent et présentant des puissances de plus en plus importantes. Plusieurs topologies électrotechniques de fermes éoliennes offshore sont comparées afin de définir la plus intéressante d'un point de vue faisabilité, efficacité et fiabilité. La solution de connexion retenue est entièrement en DC car elle présente des pertes diminuées et des convertisseurs DC-DC avec transformateurs haute-fréquence apportant un gain d'encombrement comparé à une topologie classique en AC. La topologie DC est alors modélisée avec une attention particulière portée aux convertisseurs DC-DC Full-Bridge, cœur technologique de la ferme. Un contrôle du convertisseur par entrelacement des commandes du convertisseur est explicité afin de réduire la taille du filtre en sortie. Deux expérimentations à échelle réelle (2 MW) et réduite (4 kW) permettent de valider le modèle, les pertes et les contrôles implantés sur le convertisseur. Les protections qui peuvent être mises en place pour un réseau de distribution DC sont aussi étudiées avec une proposition de disjoncteur statique DC. Une connexion entre un simulateur temps réel et le banc d'essai 4 kW est réalisée afin de comparer le comportement des convertisseurs de la ferme sur des échelles de temps importantes. Différents contrôles sont testés, et plus particulièrement ceux permettant de valider la capacité de la ferme à rester connectée au réseau pendant les défauts AC. L'ensemble des théories développées sur le cas d'étude éolien offshore sont étendues à des fermes solaires de fortes puissances afin de mettre en évidence les analogies entre ces deux énergies renouvelables.In EU, the electricity production objective by using renewable energy in 2020 is 20 %. Mostly offshore wind as well as tidal current and photovoltaic will contribute to achieve this objective. Considering the fact that offshore wind farms are more and more far away from the onshore grid, farm power production is higher and higher and recent improvements in power electronics lead to revise the electrical architecture. Several offshore wind farms electrical topologies are compared in order to define the more suitable in term of feasibility, efficiency and availability. A solution with DC grid is chosen given that it presents lower losses and DC-DC converters using high-frequency transformers reducing footprint, compared to classical AC solutions. Selected DC topology is modeled with particular attention to technological core of the wind farm: the Full-Bridge DC-DC converter. An interlacing control for DC-DC converter is explained in order to decrease the size of the filter. Two experiences at real (2 MW) and small scale (4 kW) allow to validate the models, the losses and controls integrated in the converter. Protections which can be used for DC grid are also studied with DC static breaker design proposal. Interactions between the real time simulator and 4 kW mock-up is realized to compare converters behavior from wind farm on large time scales. Different controls are tested and more particularly ones allowing to validate the wind farm capacity to remain connected to the grid during the AC faults. All strategies developed on wind offshore farms are extended to high power solar farms to highlight analogies between both renewable energies.PARIS-Arts et Métiers (751132303) / SudocSudocFranceF

Comparison of Technical Features between a More Electric Aircraft and a Hybrid Electric Vehicle

International audienc

A Power flow Control Strategy for High Energy Efficient Smart LED Lighting System Powered by PV and MPPT Controlled DC Grid

6 halama

Gestion décentralisée de réseaux continus à forte disponibilité en aéronautique

L évolution vers des systèmes toujours plus électriques concerne tous les moyens de transport. En particulier, les prochaines générations d avions commerciaux. Cette tendance, amorcée avec l Airbus A380 et le Boeing 787, devrait se poursuivre et s amplifier. Un avion de constitution plus électrique, où l axe de transmission principal de puissance de nature électrique se substituerait, au moins en partie, aux axes de types pneumatique, hydraulique et mécanique, pourrait être source d amélioration au regard de critères écologiques et économiques (gain en masse, accroissement de l efficacité énergétique, réduction des coûts de maintenance, etc.).Le développement de réseaux électriques locaux, de type continu à échange d énergie, pourrait favoriser cette démarche. Des sources locales de production d électricité, des charges bidirectionnelles en puissance, ainsi que des systèmes de stockage d énergie et de dissipation, seraient alors interconnectés par un bus continu de tension, associés à des protections électriques adaptées.Plusieurs stratégies de gestion énergétique sont proposées. En fonction des objectifs, des contraintes et des moyens d action envisagés, différents outils ont été mis en œuvre. Dans le cas d une stratégie visant plusieurs objectifs simultanément, la logique floue apparaît comme étant un outil bien adapté. De plus, étant basée sur des règles, cet outil permet de développer naturellement une stratégie de gestion énergétique intégrant plusieurs contraintes. Deux indicateurs pour évaluer les performances de ces stratégies de supervision ont été proposés (efficacité énergétique et variation de tension). Ces indicateurs permettent de choisir une stratégie de supervision, et donnent des critères pour le dimensionnement du système de stockage et de dissipation. Ces startégies de supervision ont été testées expérimentalement.La stabilité du réseau DC local a été analysée en petit signal. Il est montré que le système hybride avec la stratégie de gestion énergétique associée peut contribuer à augmenter la marge de stabilité de ce type de réseau.Les liaisons en continu mises actuellement en œuvre dans les systèmes embarqués en aéronautique ne sont pas réversibles en puissance. La volonté de les rendre réversibles nécessite donc de revoir complètement les protections de ce type de réseau. La problématique des protections de court-circuit et de défaut d isolation a été investiguée. Une méthode pour sélectionner la branche en défaut d isolation est proposée. Elle est testée au moyen de l outil de simulation Saber qui prend en compte les caractéristiques des composants réels.Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse peuvent être généralisés pour s appliquer dans d autres domaines d application tels que les véhicules électriques ou hybrides, les systèmes ferroviaires, etc...The electrification trend is for all modes of transportation, particularly in the next generation of commercial aircrafts. This trend began with the Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 and it will continue. The replacement of mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic power transfers by an electrical one is one of the most important innovations of the More Electric Aircraft in the aspect of ecologic and economic (weight reduction, energy efficiency increasing, maintenance costs reduction, etc..). The development of a local power exchange network, like a DC one, should facilitate this process. Some local electricity production, bi-directional loads and energy storage and dissipation system, are then interconnected by a DC bus, via some appropriate protections. Several power management strategies are proposed. Depending on the objectives, constraints and means of action envisaged, some tools have been implemented. In the case of a multiple objectives strategy, fuzzy logic appears to be a well suited tool . Moreover, being based on rules, this tool allows to develop naturally a power management strategy in considering several constraints. Two indicators to evaluate performance of these supervision strategies have been proposed (energy efficiency and voltage variation). These indicators help to choose a strategy of supervision, and provide criteria for sizing the storage and dissipation system. These supervision strategies were tested experimentally. The stability of the local DC network was analyzed in small signal. It is shown that the hybrid system with the associated energy management strategy can help to increase the stability margin of this type of network. The currently power connection being implemented in on-board systems is not reversible in power. To make it reversible necessitates a complete redesign of the protections. The problem of short-circuit protection and fault isolation has been investigated. A method to select the branch in insulation failure is proposed. It is tested using the Saber simulation tool that takes into account the characteristics of real components. The work in this thesis can be generalized and to be applied in other fields such as electric or hybrid vehicles, rail systems etc.LILLE1-Bib. Electronique (590099901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Non-Linear Primary Control Mapping for Droop-Like Behavior of Microgrid Systems

Interconnecting microgrids in LV power system presents appealing features such as self-healing or power quality. When networked microgrids are not connected to a strong utility grid, their Point of Common Coupling (PCC) voltage and their power reserves vary with the operating point. An external droop control architecture is proposed that allows active and reactive power sharing among the different microgrids, thereby stabilizing the system frequency and PCC voltage, and the maximum achievable droop gains are supplied. Next, the design of appropriate primary controllers for the Distributed Energy Resources inside each microgrid allows to achieve a specified aggregated external droop controller at the connection point with little communication requirements. This methodology is applied to a modified CIGRE benchmark and shows good results while keeping a standard decentralized control architecture

Fuzzy Logic Supervisor-Based Primary Frequency Control Experiments of a Variable-Speed Wind Generator

In this paper, a primary frequency control strategy based on fuzzy logic, designed for variable-speed wind generators, is proposed and tested on a 2.2-kW test bench. The fuzzy logic supervisor ensures a regular primary reserve for a large range of wind speeds without any wind speed measurement. This supervisor controls simultaneously the generator torque and the pitch angle to keep the primary reserve; it determines in real time the generator power reference value. The fuzzy logic supervisor is compared to a simpler strategy, based only on the control of the generator torque. This classical strategy ensures a regular power reserve only when the wind generator operates at full load, and the generator power reference needs to be determined previously or by the network manager. A procedure for implementing a fuzzy logic supervisor in real time is proposed. The experiments indicate the regularity of the power reserve and the ability to contribute to frequency control

Improved real time operation of microgrids with integrated economic constraints

International audienc

A Two-layer Model Predictive Control Based Secondary Control with Economic Performance Tracking for Islanded Microgrids

This paper proposes a two-layer microgrid supervisor based on Model Predictive Control (MPC). The supervisor in the upper layer relies on an economical optimization that considers the cost of energy and the load and production forecasts to define the State of Charge (SoC) targets for each storage device on a timescale of 15 minutes. The lower layer displays a shorter timescale and aims to control the equipment to ensure the stability of the overall system and SoC tracking while satisfying the economic constraints specified by the upper layer. These two layers require an uniformization of the timestep and of the references in order to behave properly. The main contributions of this paper are the microgrid network modelling embedded in the optimization routine of the lower layer and a discretization for integrating upper-layer references