Systems of urban transportation in the Federal Republic of Germany

A basic difference between West. Germany and South Africa is the growth of the population. Until 1970 we worked on the as­sumption that population would increase by 10% up to the year 1985. But since then we have been faced with a decrease, which is now estimated at a 3,3% loss between 1980 and 1990, from 60,6 million to 58,6 million. The number of motor vehicles in West Germany will grow, though the population is decreasing. In 1977 we had 23,5 million motor vehicles inclusive of 20,2 million private cars. The number of private cars will grow in West. Germany from 22,0 million in 1980 to 25,9 million in 1990. This is an increase of 17% in the same time as the population is decreasing by 3,3%

Farmers’ perceptions of the impacts of human– wildlife conflict on their livelihood and natural resource management efforts in Cheha Woreda of Guraghe Zone, Ethiopia

There are several livelihood improvement and natural resource management campaigns being undertaken in Ethiopia. In Cheha Woreda District of Guraghe Zone, a research team from the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Center, is undertaking a watershed-level intervention to improve sustainable land management practices among resident agrarian families. In 2011, a household survey was conducted to assess farmers’ perceptions of human–wildlife conflicts (HWC) and the effects of these conflicts on land management in Cheha Woreda. One-hundred randomly selected households in the Cheha Woreda were asked to identify any wild or domestic animals that cause damage to their crops. Additionally, respondents were asked to gauge the extent of the damages; the direct and indirect social, economic, and environmental impacts; and the overall trends in the area’s wildlife populations. In addition to the household survey, 3 focus group discussions were held to capture farmers’ perceptions. The findings show that Grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), crested porcupines (Hystrix cristata), baboons (Papio spp.), antelopes (Gazella spp.), warthogs (Phacochoerus sp.), and wild pigs (Sus sp.) were the major crop raiders in the area, while spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), foxes (Vulpes sp.), eagles (Accipitridae) and Ethiopian ratels or honey badgers (Mellivora capensis) were the most common livestock predators. More than 90% of the households reported that they faced damages to their property by these species. Additionally, about 55% of the respondents reported a high severity of crop damage, with monkeys alleged to be the greatest culprits. Respondents perceived that HWC have resulted in significant vegetation removal, shifts in crop production, food shortages, and poverty in the study area. Eighty-eight percent of farmers reported believing that wild animals significantly contributed to the shortages of food for their family. The farmers were aware of several locally used management options, which they suggested could be used to reduce the negative impacts of the conflicts. We conclude that HWC and farmers’ perceptions of HWC in the Cheha Woreda have had and continue to have significant impacts on the social, economic, and environmental well-being of the area. Hence, different management options must be adopted to mediate the effects and minimize future conflicts

Estudio de pre factibilidad para el mejoramiento del Camino Empalme el Regadío – Puente Gualilica longitud 29.29 kilómetros

El presente trabajo consiste en un Estudio de Prefactibilidad para el mejoramiento del camino Empalme El Regadío – Puente Gualilica (longitud 29.29 km. Geográficamente el proyecto se localiza en el departamento de Estelí, en los municipios de Estelí y san juan de Limay. El Ministerio de Transporte e Infraestructura (MTI) cuenta con un estudio de diseño del tramo hecho en el año 2013 por la Empresa EDICRO S.A, el cual se tomó en consideración como parte de los insumos en esta investigación

Graduate Students’ Meaning-making of Teaching and Learning in an International Doctoral Forum

The purpose of this paper was to make meaning of doctoral students’ experiences as they expanded their understanding of teaching and learning through reflection. Using case study as a methodology approach, a group of doctoral candidates examined purposeful events that unfolded during their participation in an international doctoral forum in East Asia. Guided by transformative learning theory and reflective practice inquiry, the research findings indicated that graduate students’ perceptions of teaching and learning in an international context were shaped by their various identities, past experiences, cultural backgrounds, and social interactions. The research also illustrated how participation in the forum supported doctoral candidates in advancing their scholarly identities as they reflected upon various moments throughout the event. The implications for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) were significant as reflective activities surrounding the doctoral forum helped to explain how transformative learning experiences could contribute to doctoral students’ transition into academia

La mediación pedagógica en la enseñanza de la asignatura de Geografía de Nicaragua en la Educación Secundaria Regular de Nicaragua

El presente trabajo de investigación lleva por título la mediación pedagógica en la enseñanza de la asignatura de Geografía de Nicaragua en la Educación Secundaria Regular. De la misma manera, la relevancia del análisis de la mediación pedagógica de la asignatura de Geografía de Nicaragua en la modalidad de Secundaria Regular, es más que evidente por ser una herramienta indispensable de la acción didáctica, porque se debe tomar en cuenta el tiempo y espacio socioeducativo, donde ocurren los fenómenos para influir positivamente en la formación integral de los estudiantes. Así mismo, la mediación pedagógica posee un lugar privilegiado dentro del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, siendo el docente, el mediador y orientador de la acción didáctica en el aula. De esta manera, los alumnos deben convertirse en actores partícipes de dicho proceso para implementarles estrategias curriculares encaminadas a lograr su aprendizaje significativo. Las propuestas de mediación pedagógica son: la mediación tecnológica, debido al contexto del coronavirus y del desarrollo de la tecnología, esto contribuye al buen manejo y dominio de las aplicaciones digitales para la enseñanza de la Geografía de Nicaragua; el AprendizajeConvivencia que promueve el aprendizaje por motivación y Mediando con el Lenguaje, por lo que con una fluida comunicación y un diálogo claro y coherente entre el docente y los estudiantes, la mediación pedagógica resulta exitosa. Por lo tanto, la mediación pedagógica en la enseñanza de la asignatura de Geografía de Nicaragua incide positivamente en la formación integral de los estudiantes y esto es posible mediante la aplicación de estrategias respectivas que motiven al alumnado, a través de clases dinámicas, no monótonas que favorezca la convivencia armónica y empática con el docente y sus alumnos en pro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaj

What is behaviour? And (when) is language behaviour? A metatheoretical definition

Behaviour is central to many fields, but metatheoretical definitions specifying the most basic assumptions about what is considered behaviour and what is not are largely lacking. This transdisciplinary research explores the challenges in defining behaviour, highlighting anthropocentric biases and a frequent lack of differentiation from physiological and psychical phenomena. To meet these challenges, the article elaborates a metatheoretical definition of behaviour that is applicable across disciplines and that allows behaviours to be differentiated from other kinds of phenomena. This definition is used to explore the phenomena of language and to scrutinise whether and under what conditions language can be considered behaviour and why. The metatheoretical concept of two different levels of meaning conveyed in language is introduced, highlighting that language inherently relies on behaviours and that the content of what-is-being-said, in and of itself, can constitute (interpersonal) behaviour under particular conditions. The analyses reveal the ways in which language meaningfully extends humans’ behavioural possibilities, pushing them far beyond anything enabled by non-language behaviours. These novel metatheoretical concepts can complement and expand on existing theories about behaviour and language and contribute a novel piece of theoretical explanation regarding the crucial role that language has played in human evolution

Anatomy in the Third Reich: An outline, part 1. National Socialist politics, anatomical institutions, and anatomists

Although it is known that anatomists working in Germany during the Third Reich have used bodies of victims of the National Socialist (NS) regime for dissection and research, a comprehensive history of the anatomy in the Third Reich has not yet been written. Recent studies of the history of German anatomy departments during this time period provide material for a first outline of the subject matter. A historical review can help with the formulation of ethical foundations in modern anatomy. From the outset, the NS regime sought to reorganize German universities according to NS leadership principles and political goals. Many German academics, especially physicians and among them anatomists, followed these intentions with a voluntary “self-alignment” that encompassed their professional actions as well as their ethics. Currently, political information is available for 111 of 178 anatomists. Thirty-eight of the anatomists were dismissed for racial or political reasons, among them 10 chairmen of anatomy, whereas 35 of the anatomists were politically active members of one of the NS organizations. Over 70% of the chairmen of anatomical departments in the time period from 1941 to 1944 were members of NS organizations. Anatomists, as so many other physicians and academics, belonged both, to the group of victims of the regime, i.e., those being dismissed from their positions for racial and political reasons, and to the group of supporters and sometimes active perpetrators of NS policies. Clin. Anat. 22:883–893, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64328/1/20872_ftp.pd

Conceiving “personality”: Psychologist’s challenges and basic fundamentals of the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals

Scientists exploring individuals, as such scientists are individuals themselves and thus not independent from their objects of research, encounter profound challenges; in particular, high risks for anthropo-, ethno- and ego-centric biases and various fallacies in reasoning. The Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) aims to tackle these challenges by exploring and making explicit the philosophical presuppositions that are being made and the metatheories and methodologies that are used in the field. This article introduces basic fundamentals of the TPS-Paradigm including the epistemological principle of complementarity and metatheoretical concepts for exploring individuals as living organisms. Centrally, the TPS-Paradigm considers three metatheoretical properties (spatial location in relation to individuals’ bodies, temporal extension, and physicality versus “non-physicality”) that can be conceived in different forms for various kinds of phenomena explored in individuals (morphology, physiology, behaviour, the psyche, semiotic representations, artificially modified outer appearances and contexts). These properties, as they determine the phenomena’s accessibility in everyday life and research, are used to elaborate philosophy-of-science foundations and to derive general methodological implications for the elementary problem of phenomenon-methodology matching and for scientific quantification of the various kinds of phenomena studied. On the basis of these foundations, the article explores the metatheories and methodologies that are used or needed to empirically study each given kind of phenomenon in individuals in general. Building on these general implications, the article derives special implications for exploring individuals’ “personality”, which the TPS-Paradigm conceives of as individual-specificity in all of the various kinds of phenomena studied in individuals

Science, Technology and Love in Late Eighteenth-Century Opera

It is a tale told by countless operas: young love, thwarted by an old man’s financially motivated marriage plans, triumphs in the end thanks to a deception that tricks the old man into blessing the young lovers’ union. Always a doddering fool, the old man is often also an enthusiast for knowledge. Such is the case, for instance, in Carlo Goldoni’s comic opera libretto Il mondo della luna (1750), in which Buonafede’s interest in the moon opens him to an elaborate hoax that has him believe he and his daughters have left Earth for the lunar world; and also in the Singspiel Die Luftbälle, oder der Liebhaber à la Montgolfier (1788), wherein the apothecary Wurm trades Sophie, the ward he intended to marry himself, for a technological innovation that will make him a pioneering aeronaut