Explicitation and implicitation of Dutch and German nominal compounds in translated fiction and non-fiction

Explicitation and implicitation are two translatological concepts that translation researchers have been investigating ever since their first mention by Vinay/Darbelnet (1958/1977), but especially after Blum-Kulka (1986) formulated her explicitation hypothesis and introduced corpus-based research in translation studies. Research got a further impetus when Baker (1993) embarked upon the search for possible translation universals and Klaudy/Károly (2005) postulated the asymmetry hypothesis, which was adapted by Becher (2010). The numerous studies on explicitation and implicitation are, however, difficult to compare, primarily because explicitation and implicitation have been interpreted differently, not rarely intuitively, by many translation researchers (cf. Becher 2010, Murtisari 2013). This is due to the fact that the concept explicitness, which underlies explicitation and implicitation, has never been satisfactorily defined in translation studies (Murtisari 2014). It is therefore the aim of this dissertation to first and foremost define explicitness, and this from a relevance-theoretic perspective. Based on Gutt (2000) and his followers in the relevance-theoretic approach to translation studies (cf. Alvez/Conçalves 2010, Murtisari 2013), it is believed to be meaningful and promising to consider explicitness, and by extension explicitation and implicitation, from a relevance-theoretic point of view. But the dissertation seeks to go beyond theorising by bringing the definitions of explicitation and implicitation into practice in a corpus-based study for the language pair Dutch-German, which has hardly been investigated in this respect (cf. Van de Velde 2011). Focus of the study is nominal compounding, a very productive word formation category in Dutch and German, but said to be often realized differently in these closely related languages: Where German prefers a compound, Dutch sometimes opts for an alternative construction (Hüning/Schlücker 2010, Schlücker 2012), which in turn may lead to shifts in meaning. Four different variables will be considered: translation direction, text type, information distribution and translator. Alves, F., & Gonçalves, J. L. (2010). Relevance and translation. In Y. Gambier & L. van Doorslaer (Eds.), Handbook of Translation Studies (Vol. 1, pp. 279-284). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Baker, M. (1993). Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies: Implications and Applications. In M. Baker, G. Francis & E. Tognini-Bonelli (Eds.), Text and Technology. In honour of John Sinclair. (pp. 233-250). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Becher, V. (2010). Abandoning the Notion of 'Translation-Inherent' Explicitation: Against a Dogma of Translation Studies. Across Languages and Cultures, 11(1), 28. Blum-Kulka, S. (1986). Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation. In J. House & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlingual and intercultural communication (pp. 17-35). Tübingen: Günter Narr Verlag. Gutt, E.-A. (2000). Relevance and Translation. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Hüning, M., & Schlücker, B. (2010). Konvergenz und Divergenz in der Wortbildung - Komposition im Niederländischen und im Deutschen. In A. Dammel, S. Kürschner & D. Nübling (Eds.), Kontrastive Germanistische Linguistik (pp. 783-825). Hildesheim/Zürich/ New York: Georg Olms Verlag. Klaudy, K., & Károly, K. (2005). Implicitation in translation: Empirical evidence for operational asymmetry in translation. Across Languages and Cultures, 6(1), 13-28. Murtisari, E. T. (2013). A Relevance-based Framework for Explicitation and Implicitation in Translation. An Alternative Typology. trans-kom, 6(2), 315-344. Murtisari, E. T. (2014). Response to Becher's Two Papers on the Explicitation Hypothesis. trans-kom, 7(2), 272-281. Schlücker, B. (2012). Die deutsche Kompositionsfreudigkeit. Übersicht und Einführung. In L. Gaeta & B. Schlücker (Eds.), Das Deutsche als kompositionsfreudige Sprache (pp. 1-25). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. Van de Velde, M. (2011). Explizierung und Implizierung im Übersetzungspaar Deutsch-Niederländisch. Eine quantitative Untersuchung. In P. A. Schmitt, S. Herold & A. Weilandt (Eds.), Translationsforschung (pp. 865-884). Leipzig: Peter Lang. Vinay, J.-P., & Darbelnet, J. (1977). Stylistique comparée du Français et de l'Anglais (2 ed.). Paris: Didier

Water drop to metal and water drop to water drop corona discharges

ABSTRACT Water drop corona has been identified by many authors as a major cause of deterioration of silicone rubber high voltage insulation but at this stage there have been no thorough studies made of this phenomenon. In this paper fundamental observations are presented of electrical discharges from water drops, movement of drops, and drop coalescence in the presence of 50 Hz alternating electric fields. Measurements are made both with water drops on metal electrodes and with water drops on the surface of silicone rubber insulation. Comparisons are made of current pulses and atomic emission spectra from previous work by the authors on dry point-plane discharges to provide information about the main types of active species which may cause insulator surface degradation. Visual images of wet electrodes show how water drops can play a part in encouraging flashover. The first reproducible visual images of water drop corona at the triple junction of water air and rubber insulation are presented. The current measurements were captured with a digital oscilloscope sampling at 200 MHz. The time constant of the measuring circuitry was approximately 14 nanoseconds

Fertility and union dissolution in Brazil: an example of multi-process modelling using the Demographic and Health Survey calendar data

This study examines the union and conception histories of Brazilian women aged 15-49 using the 1996 Demographic and Health Survey’s calendar data. The aim of the paper is twofold: firstly to explore the use of union histories in the DHS calendar data, which have not yet been used for union dynamics studies and secondly to secondly to analyse the relationship between union instability and fertility in Brazil which has been long understudied. Using the example of Brazil it investigates the potential strengths and biases of this data source. In particular it analyses the impact of union dissolution on fertility in Brazil using multiprocess event history analysis techniques as developed by Lillard (1993). This type of methodology has been widely used for the analyses of developed countries data. However, it has not been explored for developing countries mainly due to the lack of data. The paper will demonstrate the positive effect of union instability on fertility.aml, Brazil, calendar data, DHS, fertility, multiprocess model, union dissolution

Fertility and union dissolution in Brazil: an example of multi-process modelling using the Demographic and Health Survey calendar data.

This study examines the union and conception histories of Brazilian women aged 15-49 using the 1996 Demographic and Health Survey’s calendar data. The aim of the paper is twofold: firstly to explore the use of union histories in the DHS calendar data, which have not yet been used for union dynamics studies and secondly to secondly to analyse the relationship between union instability and fertility in Brazil which has been long understudied. Using the example of Brazil it investigates the potential strengths and biases of this data source. In particular it analyses the impact of union dissolution on fertility in Brazil using multiprocess event history analysis techniques as developed by Lillard (1993). This type of methodology has been widely used for the analyses of developed countries data. However, it has not been explored for developing countries mainly due to the lack of data. The paper will demonstrate the positive effect of union instability on fertility.

The proximate determinants of fertility and birth intervals in Egypt

In this paper we use calendar data from the 2000 Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) to assess the determinants of birth interval length among women who are in union. We make use of the well-known model of the proximate determinants of fertility, and take advantage of the fact that the DHS calendar data provide month-by-month data on contraceptive use, breastfeeding and post-partum amenorrhoea, which are the most important proximate determinants among women in union. One aim of the analysis is to see whether the calendar data are sufficiently detailed to account for all variation among individual women in birth interval duration, in that once they are controlled, the effect of background social, economic and cultural variables is not statistically significant. The results suggest that this is indeed the case, especially after a random effect term to account for the unobserved proximate determinants is included in the model. Birth intervals are determined mainly by the use of modern methods of contraception (the IUD being more effective than the pill). Breastfeeding and post-partum amenorrhoea both inhibit conception, and the effect of breastfeeding remains even after the period of amenorrhoea has ended.calendar data, contraceptive use, Egypt, fertility, proximate determinants, survival analysis

Unusually small sex differentials in mortality of Israeli Jews: What does the structure of causes of death tell us?

Since the establishment of Israel sex differentials in life expectancy at birth exhibited by Israeli Jews have been very low in comparison to other developed countries as a result of relatively high male and relatively low female life expectancy. To advance understanding of this phenomenon this paper explores cause-specific contributions to the difference in life expectancy between Israeli Jews and Western countries, for each sex, and to sex differentials in mortality in both populations. We quantify the major types of behaviourally induced mortality to show that it is especially low among Israeli Jewish males. We also investigate mortality in certain subgroups of Israeli Jews to gain a better understanding of female mortality in this population.Israel, Jews, migration, mortality, sex differentials

Fusion and breakup in the reactions of 6,7Li and 9Be

We develop a three body classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method to dicsuss the effect of the breakup process on heavy-ion fusion reactions induced by weakly bound nuclei. This method follows the classical trajectories of breakup fragments after the breakup takes place, and thus provides an unambiguous separation between complete and incomplete fusion cross sections. Applying this method to the fusion reaction $^{6}$Li + $^{209}$Bi, we find that there is a significant contribution to the total complete fusion cross sections from the process where all the breakup fragments are captured by the target nucleus (i.e., the breakup followed by complete fusion).Comment: 4 pages, 3 eps figures. Uses espcrc1.sty. To be published in the proceedings of the 8th international conference on clustering aspects of nuclear structure and dynamics, November 24 - 29, 2003, Nara, Japan (Nucl. Phys. A

An editorial on plagiarism

In January this year, we were confronted with a case of plagiarism. One paper that had been submitted last year by a certain person turned out to be written by three other persons. It was presented by the three true authors at a conference in 2010, where they distributed copies of their paper. One of the reviewers of the paper informed us about that fact. We asked the three authors for a copy, which turned out to be identical with the submission, except for a few minor details. When confronted with these facts, the person who had submitted the paper was unable to give us a satisfactory explanation. This is a case of serious scientific misconduct. The editors and the publisher of Demographic Research cannot and will not accept any form of plagiarism. Nor will we accept any other form of misconduct in science, including fabrication, falsification, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research. With Long et al. ("Responding to possible plagiarism", Science 6 March 2009), we are of the opinion that the responsibility for research integrity ultimately lies in the hands of the scientific community: educators, students, authors, and those who provide peer reviews. Journal editors must take appropriate action and verify the originality of suspected manuscripts. The Office of Research Integrity provides useful guidelines (http://ori.dhhs.gov/). We have decided that any future submission to Demographic Research that lists the plagiarist as an author or co-author will be rejected automatically.