The Transnational Firm Collective Bargaining in Europe: Historical Dynamics, Ways and Challenges

La directiva sobre los comités de empresas europeos (CEE) de 1994, reclamada insistentemente por las organizaciones sindicales, fue un factor determinante para el posterior desarrollo de la negociación colectiva de empresa transnacional, pero fue también una fuente de dificultades para dichas organizaciones, ya que establecía, a nivel europeo, un nuevo canal de representación que se les escapaba en parte. Ante la ausencia de un marco jurídico para la negociación colectiva de empresa transnacional, las federaciones sindicales europeas (FSE) establecieron sus propias reglas internas para retomar el control de esta dinámica y afirmar un derecho exclusivo de negociación y de firma de acuerdos transnacionales. Sin embargo, dicha dinámica se enfrenta a la persistencia de otras prácticas de negociación, entre otras las de los CEE de empresas transnacionales (ETN) alemanas, pero también de otros países, que desean seguir con el control de dichas negociaciones.The directive on European works councils of 1994, insistently demanded by trade unions, has been a decisive factor for the subsequent development of the transnational firm collective bargaining. But it has also been a source of problems for these organizations, as long as it established a new European channel of representation that was in part out of their control. Considering the lack of a regulatory framework for the collective bargaining in the transnational firms, the European trade union federations established their own internal rules in order to get the control back and support an exclusive right of bargaining and signing transnational agreements. Nevertheless, this dynamic faces the persistence of other bargaining practices. Among others, those developed by German and some other countries transnational firms that want to keep the control of their own bargaining practices

La negociación colectiva de empresa transnacional en Europa: dinámicas históricas, formas y retos

La directiva sobre los comités de empresas europeos (CEE) de 1994, reclamada insistentemente por las organizaciones sindicales, fue un factor determinante para el posterior desarrollo de la negociación colectiva de empresa transnacional, pero fue también una fuente de dificultades para dichas organizaciones, ya que establecía, a nivel europeo, un nuevo canal de representación que se les escapaba en parte. Ante la ausencia de un marco jurídico para la negociación colectiva de empresa transnacional, las federaciones sindicales europeas (FSE) establecieron sus propias reglas internas para retomar el control de esta dinámica y afirmar un derecho exclusivo de negociación y de firma de acuerdos transnacionales. Sin embargo, dicha dinámica se enfrenta a la persistencia de otras prácticas de negociación, entre otras las de los CEE de empresas transnacionales (ETN) alemanas, pero también de otros países, que desean seguir con el control de dichas negociaciones

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Le mouvement syndical face à la coopération franco-allemande des entreprises

A priori , il semble exister des ressemblances entre la coopération des entreprises et la coopération des organisations syndicales. Or, lorsque l’on observe les relations entre la France et l’Allemagne, de grandes différences apparaissent. Sur le plan de la coopération économique franco-allemande, les deux partenaires sont aujourd’hui de plus en plus semblables. Dans une perspective de longue période, il s’agit là d’une évolution relativement récente. Il y avait autrefois beaucoup de ..

L'échange politique difficile : les stratégies syndicales en Italie 1975-1990

An account of various Italian experiments in political bargaining between unions, employer organizations and the government serves as the basis for analyzing key moments and factors in the redefinition of union strategies during the past 20 years. The positions that actors have adopted in principle with respect to new forms of compromise are pointed out as well as the conditions for implementing them. These positions have implications for labor union unity and for unions' relations with the rank-and-file as well as with political parties. A general question is raised : have these strategic adjustments lessened the crisis the Italian labor movement has been undergoing ? Or have they made it worse ?A partir du récit des différentes expériences d'échange politique Etat-syndicats-patronat, menées en Italie, l'auteur analyse les moments clés et les éléments de la redéfinition des stratégies syndicales des vingt dernières années. Sont présentées ici les positions de principe des divers acteurs face à ces nouvelles formes de compromis , les condition de leur mise en œuvre et leurs implications pour l'unité syndicale, les rapports avec la base syndicale et les liens aux partis politiques. Pour finir, est posée la question plus générale de savoir si ces ajustements stratégiques ont contribué à amoindrir, ou au contraire à amplifier, la crise du syndicalisme italien.Rehfeldt Udo. L'échange politique difficile : les stratégies syndicales en Italie 1975-1990. In: Sociologie du travail, 33ᵉ année n°3, Juillet-septembre 1991. pp. 323-349

Global Problems, Global Solutions

International audienc