Structural Evolution of the Babadag Fault Zone in Denizli Graben, South Western Turkey

The main goal of this thesis is to present the geometry and structural evolution of the Babadag fault zone, which is located at the southern margin of the Denizli Basin and separates metamorphic rocks in its footwall from sedimentary rocks in its hanging wall. The study also investigates the shear sense indicators that were found along the footwall rocks of the fault zone. The Babadag fault zone that controls the southern margin of the Denizli Basin is a steeply dipping normal fault. It contains two major step-over as displacement along the fault partitions westward. Deformation features in the Buyuk Menderes shear zone range from ductile-brittle and the early stage of the deformation during the extension was ductile. The fault rocks consisted ductile shear sense microstructures and brittle shear sense indicators, found in the fault rocks along the Babadag fault zone, indicate top to the north movement of the upper plate. These observations suggest to us that the prominent movement along the Babadag fault zone and its high-angle splays is top to the north.Boone Pickens School of Geolog

Lactoferrin in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Peripheral Blood during Experimental Gingivitis

Objectives Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron binding protein and stored in the specific granules of granulocytes. It is released by degranulation following granulocyte activation. A positive correlation was previously reported between periodontitis and LF titers of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and blood. The purpose of this study was to examine alterations of GCF and blood levels of LF (LF-GCF and LF-BL, respectively), employing the experimental gingivitis model. Methods Twelve systemically healthy volunteers, aged 19–21, were selected. Pre-experimental phase of hygiene was followed by a 14-day experimental gingivitis phase in which subjects refrained from all oral hygiene procedures. After that subjects resumed optimal plaque control for 21 days of recovery period. At days 0 (baseline), 14 and 35 gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and blood samples were collected and plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth scores were recorded. LF levels were measured with commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results PI, GI, BOP and LF-GCF increased significantly after 14 days of experimental gingivitis period and decreased significantly after reinstitution of oral hygiene measures (P<.05). LF-BL appeared to follow the same pattern. Significant negative correlation was detected between the level of LF-BL and BOP at day 14 (P<.05), whereas significant positive correlation was noticed between LF-BL and clinical scores PI, GI and BOP at day 35 (P<.05). Conclusions LF-BL followed the same pattern with LF-GCF and clinical scores during the experimental gingivitis and recovery periods, although alterations of the LF-BL appeared statistically insignificant.PubMe

Effect of sandblasting with different size of aluminum oxide particles on tensile bond strength of resilient liner to denture base

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the bonding properties of sandblasted with different size of aluminum oxide particles denture base to silicone based soft denture liner. Methods: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) test specimens were fabricated and then randomly assigned to 5 groups (n=15), according to the treatments applied, untreated (control, group 1), sandblasted with 50 µm Al2O3 (group 2), 60 µm Al2O3 (group 3), 120 µm Al2O3 (group 4), and 250 µm Al2O3 (group 5). The resilient liner specimens were processed between 2 PMMA blocks. Bonding strength of the liners to PMMA was compared by tensile test with the use of universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. The mean value and standard deviation of the specimens were statistically evaluated by 1-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons tests (α=0.05). Results: The highest mean force value was observed in group 4 specimens, and the lowest mean force value was observed in group 2 specimens. The differences between groups 1 and 4 was found to be statistically significant (p=0.001). Nevertheless, there was no statistical difference in tensile bond strength between groups 1 (control) and groups 2, 3, and 5 specimens. Conclusion: Different particle sizes of aluminum oxide particles affect the bond strength of PMMA/resilient liner. Furthermore, 120 µm Al2O3 particles are the best particle size to improve strength of the bond. Keywords: Sandblasting, tensile bond strength, soft liner, aluminum oxide

A comprehensive overview of grain development in Brachypodium distachyon variety Bd21

A detailed and comprehensive understanding of seed reserve accumulation is of great importance for agriculture and crop improvement strategies. This work is part of a research programme aimed at using Brachypodium distachyon as a model plant for cereal grain development and filling. The focus was on the Bd21-3 accession, gathering morphological, cytological, and biochemical data, including protein, lipid, sugars, starch, and cell-wall analyses during grain development. This study highlighted the existence of three main developmental phases in Brachypodium caryopsis and provided an extensive description of Brachypodium grain development. In the first phase, namely morphogenesis, the embryo developed rapidly reaching its final morphology about 18 d after fertilization (DAF). Over the same period the endosperm enlarged, finally to occupy 80% of the grain volume. During the maturation phase, carbohydrates were continuously stored, mainly in the endosperm, switching from sucrose to starch accumulation. Large quantities of β-glucans accumulated in the endosperm with local variations in the deposition pattern. Interestingly, new β-glucans were found in Brachypodium compared with other cereals. Proteins (i.e. globulins and prolamins) were found in large quantities from 15 DAF onwards. These proteins were stored in two different sub-cellular structures which are also found in rice, but are unusual for the Pooideae. During the late stage of development, the grain desiccated while the dry matter remained fairly constant. Brachypodium exhibits some significant differences with domesticated cereals. Beta-glucan accumulates during grain development and this cell wall polysaccharide is the main storage carbohydrate at the expense of starch

Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. METHODS: The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries-Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised

Biological phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment plants

ABSTRACT BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS Phosphorus is an essential part of the nutrient cycle in nature for all life forms. Biological nutrient removal (BNR) is commonly the most economical means of removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewaters to control eutrophication in lakes and water bodies, and to prevent the deterioration of water quality. There is an increasing trend for water quality legislation to require the removal of phosphorus from wastewater. Furthermore, the recovery of phosphorus is an increasing subject of deal as phosphorus is a non-renewable natural resource which is exhausting by modern society. Phosphorus removal in Pasakoy Wastewater Treatment Plant is modelled by a parametric model developed by South African researchers Ekama and Marais (of Cape Town University). The model is calibrated using full scale operational data of Pasakoy Wastewater Treatment Plant (R2 = 0,73). The average influent readily biodegradable COD concentration in the plant varies between 7-70 and the average value of dry weather conditions is 40 mg/L. Hence, return sludge nitrates effect the bio-P process. The on line measured oxidation reduction potentials of the anaerobic tanks and the first anoxic tank are between -50/-100 mV and -200/-300 mV respectively. A pilot scale anaerobic lagoon was used as a side stream fermenter and P-stripper to study the feasibility of making fertilisers by reacting the phosphates stripped from the waste sludge by commercial powdered slaked lime. The average readily biodegradable COD and total phosphorus concentration of the supernatant from the lagoon was 150 mg/L and 41 mg/L respectively. Approximately, fertiliser containing 15 kg of P was produced per day by reacting the anaerobic lagoon supernatant with slaked lime in the pilot plant and 0.31 kg of P was produced per kg of lime consumed. The P content in the fertiliser sludge was %4. July, 2004 Burcu Ozdemir ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSLERİNDE BİYOLOJİK FOSFOR GİDERİMİ Fosfor tüm canlılar için doğadaki besin döngüsünün önemli bir parçasıdır. Biyolojik nutrient giderimi, göller ve yüzeysel su kaynaklarında ötrofikasyonun kontrol altına alınması ve su kalitesinin korunması için atıksulardan azot ve fosfor gideriminde en yaygın ve ekonomik yöntemdir. Fosforun atıksudan arıtılması gün geçtikçe daha bağlayıcı olmaktadır. Ayrıca fosfor kaynakları sürekli tüketilen ve yenilenemeyen bir element olduğundan, fosforun geri kazanımı giderek önem kazanan bir konudur. Paşaköy Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi'nde fosfor giderimi Ekama ve Marais(Cape Town Üniversitesi) tarafından geliştirilen modelle kütle dengesine bağlı olarak modellenmiştir ve Paşaköy Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi değerlerine bağlı olarak kalibre edilmiştir (R2 = 0,73). Giriş atıksuyunda kolay ayrışabilen KOİ 7-70 mg/L arasında değişmektedir ve kuru havada ortalama 40 mg/L olmaktadır. Bu nedenle fosfor giderimi geri devir nitrat konsantrasyonundan birinci derecede etkilenmektedir. Tesiste otomasyonla sürekli izlenen redoks potansiyelleri anaerobic ve anoxic tanklarda sırasıyla -50 / -100 ve -200 / -300 arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca atık çamurdan ticari sönmüş toz kireç ile kalsiyum fosfatlı gübre üretimi için bir pilot çalışma yapılmıştır. Fosfor salınımı gerçekleştirmek için anaerobik lagün fermenter olarak kullanılmıştır. Lagün üst suyunda kolay ayrışabilir KOİ ve P değerleri sırasıyla ortalama 150 ve 41 mg/L bulunmuştur. Günlük yaklaşık 15 kg P ve harcanan kg kireç başına yaklaşık 0,31 kg P üretilmiştir. Üretilen gübre, % 4 P içermektedir. Temmuz, 2004 Burcu Özdemi

Biological phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment plants

ABSTRACTBIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTSPhosphorus is an essential part of the nutrient cycle in nature for all life forms. Biological nutrient removal (BNR) is commonly the most economical means of removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewaters to control eutrophication in lakes and water bodies, and to prevent the deterioration of water quality. There is an increasing trend for water quality legislation to require the removal of phosphorus from wastewater. Furthermore, the recovery of phosphorus is an increasing subject of deal as phosphorus is a non-renewable natural resource which is exhausting by modern society. Phosphorus removal in Pasakoy Wastewater Treatment Plant is modelled by a parametric model developed by South African researchers Ekama and Marais (of Cape Town University). The model is calibrated using full scale operational data of Pasakoy Wastewater Treatment Plant (R2 = 0,73). The average influent readily biodegradable COD concentration in the plant varies between 7-70 and the average value of dry weather conditions is 40 mg/L. Hence, return sludge nitrates effect the bio-P process. The on line measured oxidation reduction potentials of the anaerobic tanks and the first anoxic tank are between -50/-100 mV and -200/-300 mV respectively. A pilot scale anaerobic lagoon was used as a side stream fermenter and P-stripper to study the feasibility of making fertilisers by reacting the phosphates stripped from the waste sludge by commercial powdered slaked lime. The average readily biodegradable COD and total phosphorus concentration of the supernatant from the lagoon was 150 mg/L and 41 mg/L respectively. Approximately, fertiliser containing 15 kg of P was produced per day by reacting the anaerobic lagoon supernatant with slaked lime in the pilot plant and 0.31 kg of P was produced per kg of lime consumed. The P content in the fertiliser sludge was %4. July, 2004 Burcu OzdemirÖZETATIKSU ARITMA TESİSLERİNDE BİYOLOJİK FOSFOR GİDERİMİFosfor tüm canlılar için doğadaki besin döngüsünün önemli bir parçasıdır. Biyolojik nutrient giderimi, göller ve yüzeysel su kaynaklarında ötrofikasyonun kontrol altına alınması ve su kalitesinin korunması için atıksulardan azot ve fosfor gideriminde en yaygın ve ekonomik yöntemdir. Fosforun atıksudan arıtılması gün geçtikçe daha bağlayıcı olmaktadır. Ayrıca fosfor kaynakları sürekli tüketilen ve yenilenemeyen bir element olduğundan, fosforun geri kazanımı giderek önem kazanan bir konudur. Paşaköy Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi'nde fosfor giderimi Ekama ve Marais(Cape Town Üniversitesi) tarafından geliştirilen modelle kütle dengesine bağlı olarak modellenmiştir ve Paşaköy Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi değerlerine bağlı olarak kalibre edilmiştir (R2 = 0,73). Giriş atıksuyunda kolay ayrışabilen KOİ 7-70 mg/L arasında değişmektedir ve kuru havada ortalama 40 mg/L olmaktadır. Bu nedenle fosfor giderimi geri devir nitrat konsantrasyonundan birinci derecede etkilenmektedir. Tesiste otomasyonla sürekli izlenen redoks potansiyelleri anaerobic ve anoxic tanklarda sırasıyla -50 / -100 ve -200 / -300 arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca atık çamurdan ticari sönmüş toz kireç ile kalsiyum fosfatlı gübre üretimi için bir pilot çalışma yapılmıştır. Fosfor salınımı gerçekleştirmek için anaerobik lagün fermenter olarak kullanılmıştır. Lagün üst suyunda kolay ayrışabilir KOİ ve P değerleri sırasıyla ortalama 150 ve 41 mg/L bulunmuştur. Günlük yaklaşık 15 kg P ve harcanan kg kireç başına yaklaşık 0,31 kg P üretilmiştir. Üretilen gübre, % 4 P içermektedir. Temmuz, 2004 Burcu Özdemi

The Role of the EU in Turkey's Legislative Reforms for Eliminating Violence against Women: A Bottom-Up Approach

This paper analyses Turkey's legislative reforms on violence against women (VAW) with particular focus on the European Union (EU) role and impact in triggering the reform process. By using a bottom-up Europeanization approach, the paper traces the reform process from the 1980s up until 2005 in terms of the interaction of external and domestic factors. The empirical evidence shows that the impact of external factors (be it the EU accession process or the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)) has been conditioned by the domestic factors and processes and it is hard to grasp the EU impact without considering its interaction with other domestic and external factors

Intergenerational relationships between adult children and older parents in Turkey

Intergenerational relationships have provided a popular focus of enquiry for family sociology. With recent demographic shifts and structural changes in the family, intergenerational relationships have begun to shift throughout the world. Turkey, as a Muslim-majority country with strong traditional intergenerational bonds, is also undergoing demographic transition and structural changes are taking place in Turkish families. For that reason, it is significant to know how intergenerational relationships are affected by these changes. This dissertation aims to understand the nature of intergenerational relationships and how they are affected by socio-demographic factors. The Intergenerational Solidarity Approach by Bengtson and Roberts (1991) is used as the most appropriate theoretical framework for the research objectives and the Turkish context. The results of the quantitative enquiry have revealed that intergenerational solidarity is still strong among Turkish families; however, inconsistency between attitude and behaviour is detected among educated respondents, which has led to another phase of qualitative enquiry. Interviews conducted with adult and older Turkish women show that the gap between normative and felt obligations is putting pressure on educated Turkish women in particular, and that they develop different management strategies to confront the dilemmas they experience. In this respect, the Intergenerational Ambivalence Theory (Lüscher &amp; Pillemer, 1998) is employed to address the findings of qualitative data. The results of both of quantitative and qualitative analysis show that neither the solidarity nor the ambivalence approach is fully capable of reflecting intergenerational relationships in the Turkish context. For this reason, as a final step, the dissertation suggests a theoretical model for examining intergenerational relationships in Turkish families. The suggested model embraces both the solidarity and the ambivalence models and stipulates the use of mixed methodology in intergenerational research. In this respect, this dissertation contributes to empirical, theoretical and methodological knowledge in the literature of intergenerational relationships.</p