Guidelines for Designing Small-Scale Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery and Storage Pilot Projects

Commercial-scale enhanced oil recovery (EOR) pilots are designed for a few years of operation, with a relatively large volume of CO2 injected into several wells or patterns. The objective is to have direct field measurements of CO2 EOR and net/gross utilization and storage. Conversely, smaller, publicly funded, research-focused pilots target the collection of reservoir and production information over a shorter period on a limited budget and must rely on making CO2 EOR and storage estimates based on calibrated model projections. Moreover, many small-scale pilots are conducted where no infrastructure exists for CO2 delivery or injection via pipeline, leaving these pilots with a different set of operational requirements than a commercial project in a traditional CO2 EOR geographical area, such as West Texas. The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC) conducted four small-scale CO2 storage pilot projects—three EOR and one enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM)—in the Illinois Basin. From these projects, guidelines were developed for site screening, selecting, and designing a CO2 storage research pilot that uses truck-delivered CO2, beginning with site selection and proceeding to the point of pilot start-up. The MGSC CO2 EOR pilots involved adapting developed sites at mature oil fields to the needs of a CO2 EOR project by installing portable CO2 injection and production equipment at the site. Geologic and reservoir modeling was conducted for all selected sites by using existing data to predict CO2 EOR and storage and the behavior of injected and in situ gas, oil, and CO2. Additionally, proper preparation ensured an effective monitoring, verification, and accounting program, which made it possible to safeguard the environmental health of the site and track the fate of the injected CO2. Although the research pilot guidelines in this paper are based on the MGSC CO2 EOR and ECBM pilots, these guidelines are also applicable to CO2 injection into brine-saturated formations.U.S. Department of Energy through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) via the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Program (contract number DE-FC26-05NT42588)Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity, Office of Coal Development through the Illinois Clean Coal Institute (cost share agreement)Commonwealth of Kentucky, through the Kentucky Consortium for Carbon Storage (KYCCS) at the University of Kentucky, LexingtonOpe

Reaction-diffusion dynamics: confrontation between theory and experiment in a microfluidic reactor

We confront, quantitatively, the theoretical description of the reaction-diffusion of a second order reaction to experiment. The reaction at work is \ca/CaGreen, and the reactor is a T-shaped microchannel, 10 $\mu$m deep, 200 $\mu$m wide, and 2 cm long. The experimental measurements are compared with the two-dimensional numerical simulation of the reaction-diffusion equations. We find good agreement between theory and experiment. From this study, one may propose a method of measurement of various quantities, such as the kinetic rate of the reaction, in conditions yet inaccessible to conventional methods

Geologic Carbon Sequestration in the Illinois Basin: Numerical Modeling to Evaluate Potential Impacts

US Department of Energy via the Regional Partnership Program, DE-FC26-05NT42588 and USEPA STAR grant number 488220Ope

The Geology of The Mt. Simon Sandstone Storage Complex at the Wabash #1 Well, Vigo Co., Indiana (Subtask 7.2, Technical Report)

The Wabash CarbonSAFE project drilled the Wabash #1 stratigraphic test well (ID# 168045) at the Wabash Valley Resources (WVR) IGCC facility in Vigo County, Indiana, to characterize and evaluate the basal Cambrian Mt. Simon Sandstone for commercial-scale CO2 storage near the site. This report presents an extensive geologic characterization of the Mt. Simon storage complex and relevant data collected from the Wabash #1 well, such as lithologic data collected from cuttings and core, geophysical logging, geomechanical analysis of core samples, and well testing and fluid sampling within the Mt. Simon Sandstone. The Mt. Simon storage complex comprises two major sections: the Mt. Simon Sandstone as the potential reservoir and the overlying Eau Claire Formation as its primary seal. Within the report, an extensive depositional, sedimentological, and geochronologic characterization of the Mt. Simon is included with supportive chapters on the regional geology and the geophysical, petrophysical, and petrologic data collected during the project. An overview of 2D seismic reflection data collected from and around the test well is presented. Also presented are chapters on the characterization of the sealing Eau Claire Formation, including a chapter on the capacity of the primary and secondary seals to the Mt. Simon as well as a chapter on geomechanical testing results of the Eau Claire Formation and Mt. Simon Sandstone. Some of the information discussed in this report was used in the development of static and dynamic geologic models of the Mt. Simon Sandstone storage complex. The static and dynamic modeling of CO2 injection in the Mt. Simon Sandstone are discussed in a separate report (Dessenberger et al., 2022) under the Wabash CarbonSAFE project

Thinking outside the gundeck: maritime history, the royal navy, and the outbreak of British civil war, 1625-1642

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Thinking outside the gundeck: maritime history, the royal navy and the outbreak of British civil war, 1625–1642, Historical Research, vol. 87 no. 236 (2014), pp. 251-274, which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2281.12049/full. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.Maritime history seems to be suffering an identity crisis, rising in popularity but unsure of its place within historical scholarship and divided in approach. Seafarers, as a consequence, have remained marginal within mainstream history. This article argues that only by integrating the study of maritime topics into wider historical debates can maritime history overcome these doubts, taking as a case study the role of seafarers and the navy in British politics during 1625−42. First examining previous interpretations offered by scholars, largely based on a conception of seafarers as politically and socially isolated from developments ashore, the article then reassesses the available evidence for popular political activity within the maritime community. It argues that seafarers were deeply involved in the political and religious divisions that drove Britain into civil war in 1642; and, more broadly, that scholars should recognize the importance of both local and global approaches to maritime history – that they should think outside the gundeck.Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC

Fabrication and characterization of net-shaped iron nitride-amine-epoxy soft magnetic composites

Soft magnetic composites (SMCs) offer a promising alternative to electrical steels and soft ferrites in high performance motors and power electronics. They are ideal for incorporation into passive electronic components such as inductors and transformers, which require a non-permanent magnetic core to rapidly switch magnetization. As a result, there is a need for materials with the right combination of low coercivity, low magnetic remanence, high relative permeability, and high saturation magnetization to achieve these goals. Iron nitride is an attractive soft magnetic material for incorporation into an amine/epoxy resin matrix. This permits the synthesis of net-shaped SMCs using a “bottom-up” approach for overcoming the limitations of current state-of-the-art SMCs made via conventional powder metal processing techniques. In this work we present the fabrication of various net-shaped, iron nitride-based SMCs using two different amine/epoxy resin systems and their magnetic characterization. The maximum volume loading of iron nitride reached was ∼77% via hot pressing, which produced SMCs with a saturation magnetic polarization (Js) of ∼0.9 T, roughly 2–3 times the Js of soft ferrites

A Politico-Communal Reading of the Rose

Lettura del Fiore in rapporto alle fonti retoriche e politiche di ambiente comunal

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Study of anomalous behavior in solution synthesized iron nanoparticles

textThe magnetic and physical properties of oxide-free, ligand passivated, iron nanoparticles were studied using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry and synchrotron based X-ray radiation. Particles used for this study ranged in diameter between 2 and 10 nm, which made it possible to distinguish between bulk and surface effects in the nanoparticles’ properties. Additionally, the effects of two different weakly interacting ligands (2,4-pentanedione and hexaethylene glycol monododecylether) on the nanoparticles’ behavior were studied. The results of this study were compared to theoretical predictions of magnetic transition metal behavior in both thin films and nanoparticles, as well as experimental results from measurements of transition metal clusters formed in an inert carrier gas and measured with a Stern-Gerlach magnet. Magnetometry revealed that the iron nanoparticles have a magnetocrystalline anisotropy an order of magnitude greater than bulk iron. At the same time, these particles exhibit a saturation mass magnetization up to 209 Am2/kg, which is only slightly lower than bulk iron. The structural properties of these particles were characterized using high energy X-ray diffraction analyzed using the atomic pair distribution function method (PDF). The PDF analysis indicates that the Fe particles have a distorted and expanded form of the bcc lattice, which could, at least in part, explain the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of these nanoparticles. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) was used to study the surface properties of the iron nanoparticles and further characterize their structural properties. XAFS showed that oxidized species of iron exist at the nanoparticles’ surface and can be attributed to iron/ligand interactions. The percentage of oxidized species scales with the surface to volume ratio of the nanoparticles, and therefore appears limited to the nanoparticle surface. The layer of Fe(II) species present at the nanoparticles’ surface accounts for the reduction in saturation mass magnetization values (when compared to bulk iron) observed in these particles. XAFS analysis also provided further confirmation of the nanoparticles’ expanded crystalline lattice.Physic