Always in control? Sovereign states in cyberspace

For well over twenty years, we have witnessed an intriguing debate about the nature of cyberspace. Used for everything from communication to commerce, it has transformed the way individuals and societies live. But how has it impacted the sovereignty of states? An initial wave of scholars argued that it had dramatically diminished centralised control by states, helped by a tidal wave of globalisation and freedom. These libertarian claims were considerable. More recently, a new wave of writing has argued that states have begun to recover control in cyberspace, focusing on either the police work of authoritarian regimes or the revelations of Edward Snowden. Both claims were wide of the mark. By contrast, this article argues that we have often misunderstood the materiality of cyberspace and its consequences for control. It not only challenges the libertarian narrative of freedom, it suggests that the anarchic imaginary of the Internet as a ‘Wild West’ was deliberately promoted by states in order to distract from the reality. The Internet, like previous forms of electronic connectivity, consists mostly of a physical infrastructure located in specific geographies and jurisdictions. Rather than circumscribing sovereignty, it has offered centralised authority new ways of conducting statecraft. Indeed, the Internet, high-speed computing, and voice recognition were all the result of security research by a single information hegemon and therefore it has always been in control

Matryoshka journeys: im/mobility during migration

Acts of mobility require corresponding acts of immobility (or suspended mobility). Migrant journeys are not only about movement. Indeed, in the present policy context, this is ever more true. Whether a migrant is contained within a hidden compartment, detained by migration authorities, waiting for remittances to continue, or marooned within a drifting boat at sea, these moments of immobility have become an inherent part of migrant journeys especially as states have increased controls at and beyond their borders. Migrants themselves view this fragmentation – the stopping, waiting and containment – as part of the journey to be endured. Drawing on the authors’ fieldwork in Central America and Southern Europe, this paper destabilises the boundary between transit and settlement, speaking to a larger policy discourse that justifies detentions and deportations from the United States and countries on the periphery of Europe. We argue that migrants’ nested experiences of these ‘matryoshka journeys’ reveal how increased migration controls encourage them not only to take greater risks during the journey, but also to forfeit their agency at opportune moments. In turn, states exploit images of such im/mobility during the journey in order to emphasise the irrational risks migrants take in order to traverse seas and deserts and to cloak their own border policies in a humanitarian discourse of rescue

Detention-as-spectacle

Using a combination of migration studies, political sociology, and policy studies, this paper explores the contradictions and violence of immigration detention, its architectures, and its audiences. The concept of “detention-as-spectacle” is developed to make sense of detention’s hypervisible and obscured manifestations in the European Union. We focus particularly on two case studies, the United Kingdom and Malta, which occupy different geopolitical positions within the EU. Detention-as-spectacle demonstrates that detention is less related to deterrence and security than to displaying sovereign enforcement, control, and power. A central aspect of the sovereign spectacle is detention’s purported ability to order and even halt “crises” of irregular immigration, while simultaneously creating and reinforcing these crises. The paper concludes by examining recent disruptions to the spectacle, and their implications

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Multipartidismo, federalismo robusto y presidencialismo en Brasil

En este ensayo argumento que el presidencialismo brasileño se ha visto afectado por la combinación de cuatro características institucionales. Primero, los presidentes han tenido poderes constitucionales avasalladores, en especial con la Constitución de 19In this paper, I argue that Brazilian presidentialism has been affected by the combination of four institutional features. First, presidents have had sweeping constitutional powers, especially under the 1988 constitution. The 1988 constitution gives pres

Measuring the activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in relation to home-based additives by measured net weight loss

This research study is to measure the activity of saccharomyces cerevisiae through selected additives which have been added in the hydration step of making bread dough. The saccharomyces cerevisiae is sensitive to sugars (Mazzoleni, S. et al.2015) and by using multiple possible additives that can be found at home, we can compare which ones give a healthier yeast and therefore a better rise to the dough. As the saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments, it consumes the sugars naturally in the dough and creates an acidic environment to maintain its growth and produces CO2 as a product of this reaction, which is the cause for the rising dough. This can be tracked by how active the yeast is to its mean weight loss by measuring the weight loss of the three separate batches and comparing the results through a Multiple Comparisons of Means: Tukey Contrasts test to see if the significance to what is added to what was added to help the fermentation process of the yeast. We can see that easily soluble sugars are the best choices for promoting the health of the saccharomyces cerevisiae in by the test with F(9,20)=14.49, p<0.0001.Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bread, Fermentation, Glucose, Bakin

Teaching the Museum: Careers in Museum Education

This collection of 17 short career-related memoirs and reflections of mid-late career museum professionals provides personal insights into the development of expertise, confidence, and recognition in a museum education career. The book is structured by theme, based on the type of career advice provided in each article

An exploration of the application of three dimensions of learning to young people in the post-compulsory sector

Abstract. The thesis presents the findings from professionally based research. The first aim of the research was to investigate the value that learners in the post-compulsory sector placed on the different dimensions of learning articulated by Illeris (2007). These are the social dimension oflearning, the emotional dimension oflearning and the content dimension of learning. The second aim of the research was to explore how different participants might give different value to different dimensions oflearning. Three hundred and thirty one participants in four sixth form settings completed a questionnaire. The items for the questionnaire were designed to be interpreted individually and psychometrically. The data was subjected to quantitative analysis. Descriptive statistics indicated that post-compulsory learners do value the dimensions of learning proposed by Illeris (2007). However, a Principal Component Analysis suggested that they were also cognisant of a fourth dimension, that of meta-learning. The findings indicated that young post-compulsory students do not value different dimensions oflearning equally or consistently. There is a relationship between the types of learning experiences that young people have and the importance they place on different constituents of learning. Three variables are associated with the different value given to the dimensions of learning. These are the context in which the participants learn, the assessment procedures that their programmes require and prior learning achievements. The emergent findings are utilised to explore further the model offered by Illeris (2007). It is expanded to explicitly include the process of meta-learning. It is proposed that as young people engage in the post-compulsory sector, the experiences of learning that they have interact with their self identities as learners. It is suggested that these interactions lead to young people's learning identities developing differently. The implications of this for professionals working with young people in the post-compulsory sector are discussed

Anatomical and systematic review of the Pachycormidae, a family of mesozoic fossil fishes.

PhDA detailed account of the anatomy of Pachycormus macropterus (Blainville) 1818, the type species of the type genus of the family Pacbycormidae is given, with special reference to the neurocranium, visceral arch skeleton and pectoral girdle. The genera and species ascribed to the family Pachycormidae by various authors are reviewed with the result that: - three genera, Leedsichthys (Woodward) 1889, Eugnathides Gregory, 1923, and Ohmdenia Hauff 1953, are removed; three other genera, Asthenocormus (Wagner) 1863, Prosauropsis Sauvage 1895, and Orthocormus Weitzel, 1930 are found to be ill founded and their species redistributed within the family; and the number of species in several of the remaining genera is reduced. A revised diagnosis of the family is given and a list of characters drawn up, on the basis of which the Pachycormidae sensu stricto is considered to be monophyletic; the interrelationships of the genera within the family are considered. Finally the relationships of the pachycormids to other major groups of fishes are reviewed and a new systematic position assigne