A Problem of Modeling of Diffusive Processes and Processes of Radiative Transport in Relaxed Optics

Наведено результати аналізу проблеми моделювання дифузійних процесів у релаксаційній оптиці. Показано суттєву різницю між дифузійними процесами та процесами, пов’язаними з переносом випромінювання (пере-випромінюванням). Проаналізовано із цієї точки зору процеси лазерного легування та лазерного відпалу напів -провідників. ; Results of analysis of problem of modeling of diffusive processes in Relaxed Optics are represented. Considerable difference between diffusive processes and processes of radiative transport (reradiation) is shown. The processes of the laser implantation and laser annealing of semiconductors are analyzed too

Деякі особливості правового статусу волонтерів за українським законодавством

Дмитрук, І. М. Деякі особливості правового статусу волонтерів за українським законодавством [Електронний ресурс] = Certain peculiarities of the legal status of volunteers in accordance with Ukrainian legislation / І. М. Дмитрук, Ю. І. Кіщак // Журн. східноєвропейського права : електрон. фах. вид. – 2016. – № 24. – С. 26–31. – Режим доступу: http://easternlaw.com.ua/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/dmytruk_kushchak_24.pdf.В статті аналізуються деякі особливості правового статусу волонтерів в Україні. Дається характеристика нормативно-правовим актам, які регулюють діяльність волонтерів. Висвітлюються питання договірного врегулювання волонтерської роботи, питання страхування та відповідальності волонтерів. Надаються рекомендації для доопрацювання національного законодавства в цій галузі.The civil society and state development shall depend on every citizen. All rights and interests of every person must be fully exercised and protected. The citizens can feel safe and exercise the highest life value – humans’ lives. The active actions of every conscious person must be focused on good and useful for society deals. They should assist to increase the level of legal awareness of citizens, patriotic education, strengthening the unity of alike groups. Thus, the existence of volunteer movement in the civil society is obvious. A large number of charitable social organizations consolidate their efforts internationally. The globalization processes encourage to create the global volunteer movement. Every country must find its own model of volunteering regulation considering their own social, cultural and economic conditions. The legal status of volunteer movements is definitely important in accordance with national legislation. The ability to define clearly the rights and obligations of the subject of public relations allows to separate it from the other related rights and obligations. The legal regulation of volunteering is important not only for the protection of the following categories of citizens to which volunteers can belong, legal regulation must guarantee the exercise of all their rights from the state, establish the responsibility for violations of law by volunteers or encroachment on their rights. The volunteers play an important role in the development of state. They contribute to the welfare and prosperity of the state. They are united into movements and organizations to operate on the principle of voluntary. It promotes the provision of humanitarian assistance not only within a country but also in the frameworks of international programs. Ukrainians joined this process sufficiently long ago.В статье проводится анализ некоторых особенностей правового статуса волонтеров в Украине. Характеризуются нормативно-правовые акты, регулирующие деятельность волонтеров. Рассматриваются вопросы договорного регулирования волонтерской работы, страхования и ответственности волонтеров. Предлагаются рекомендации относительно национального законодательства в этой сфере

Formation and evaluation of bilio-digestive and interintestinal anastomoses by the method of high-frequency electric welding of tissues in experiment

Objective. To develop a new method of the anastomoses formation, that would allow to form bilio-digestive and entero-entero anastomoses both on unchanged and inflamed tissues. Маterials and methods. In experimental on 50 laboratory rabbits the single-layer everting cholecysto-entero and entero-entero anastomoses on the Roux-defunctionalized loop of small intestine was created by the method of a high-frequency electric welding. The welding anastomoses were formed both on non-inflamed tissues and in the setting of biliary peritonitis. Patency, hermeticity, strength, macroscopic and microscopic pictures of the obtained joints were evaluated at different postoperative periods. Results. All anastomoses, formed by the method of a high-frequency electric welding, were not only patent and hermetic, but also sufficiently strong (40 – 100 mm Hg). The tissues were joined using thermo-adhesion; a coagulation scar was rather narrow, its complete epithelization was accomplished in 3 mo, and a scar maturation completed – in 6 mo. Conclusion. The method of a high-frequency electric welding permits to form both, bilio-digestive and inter-intestinal, anastomoses of equal reliability in the settings of non-inflamed and inflamed tissues

The heat capacity near the critical temperature for the ideal Bose gas.

Роботу присвячено теоретичному дослідженню поведінки термодинамічних величин ідеального бозе-газу в околі критичної температури переходу до стану бозе-айнштайнiвської конденсації. Розраховані температурні залежності теплоємностей газу. Показано, що при наближенні температури до критичної згори ізобарна теплоємність прямує до безмежності, тоді як в області бозе-айнштайнiвської конденсації вона дорівнює нулю. Досліджено характер температурної поведінки хімічного потенціалу для температур вище критичної. ; In this paper the behavior of thermodynamic quantities for ideal Bose gas in the vicinity of the critical temperature of transition to the Bose-Einstein condensate is investigated. The dependences of the gas capacities on temperature are estimated. It was shown, that the isobaric capacity approaches infinity at the critical temperature from the right side, then as in the area of the Bose-Einstein condensate it equals zero. The character of the temperature behavior for chemical potential was illustrated in the area of the temperatures above the condensation

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Правові інструменти впровадження децентралізації в Україні

Дмитрук, І. М. Правові інструменти впровадження децентралізації в Україні = Legal instruments for the implementation of decentralization in Ukraine / І. М. Дмитрук // Актуальні проблеми держави і права : зб. наук. пр. НУ "ОЮА". – Одеса : Гельветика, 2020. – Вип. 85. – С. 77–82. – Режим доступу: http://www.apdp.in.ua/v85/11.pdfДосліджується впровадження та посилення таких правових інститутів, як місцевий референдум та адміністративний договір на теперішньому етапі децентралізації в Україні. Проводиться аналіз нормативно-правової бази, в результаті якого формуються висновки про відсутність достатнього правового регулювання місцевого референдуму. Це суперечить нормам Конституції України. Референдум повинен існувати в демократичному суспільстві, адже він може бути використаний як противага рішенням органів державної влади та місцевого самоврядування, які інколи піддаються суперечливим мотиваціям найбільш активними громадянами. Місцевий референдум допоможе жителям громади легітимізувати свої рішення безпосередньо. Установча влада в Україні належить до виключного права українців. Тому в найближчі терміни необхідно прийняти закон "Про місцеві референдуми", щоб ввести в українське законодавство ключовий інструмент демократії та підкріпити норми Конституції не формальними положеннями, а дієвими кроками. Адміністративний договір, як інструмент договірного врегулювання правових відносин, що можуть скластися чи складатимуться з органами влади та територіальною громадою, потребує частішого використання на практиці. Причиною виникнення адміністративного договору може бути як закон, де чітко мають встановлюватися умови таких правових відносин, так і рішення ради про делегування публічно-владних управлінських функцій для розмежування компетенції чи визначення порядку взаємодії між суб’єктами владних повноважень, для перерозподілу або об’єднання бюджетних коштів у випадках визначених законом, замість видання індивідуального акта, для врегулювання питань надання адміністративних послуг. Тут договір постає як необхідність врегулювання правових відносин між суб’єктами цих відносин, один із яких є суб’єкт публічного права. Правова природа таких договорів є досить дискусійна. Використання адміністративного договору прискорить ефективну діяльність територіальних громад і органів державної влади та спричинить їх до значно оперативнішого впровадження прийнятих рішень у життя. Не можливо впроваджувати процеси децентралізації без розширення правових інструментів, які мають бути справедливо ввірені саме народу.The introduction and strengthening of such legal institutions as a local referendum and an administrative agreement at the current stage of decentralization in Ukraine is studied. An analysis of the legal framework is carried out, as a result of which conclusions are drawn about the lack of sufficient legal regulation of the local referendum. This contradicts the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine. A referendum must exist in a democratic society, as it can be used as a counterweight to the decisions of public authorities and local governments, which are sometimes subject to conflicting motivations by the most active citizens. The local referendum will help community residents legitimize their decisions directly. Constituent power in Ukraine belongs to the exclusive right of Ukrainians. Therefore, in the near future it is necessary to adopt the law "On local referendums" in order to introduce into Ukrainian legislation a key instrument of democracy and to support the provisions of the Constitution not with formal provisions, but with effective steps. Administrative contract, as an instrument of contractual settlement of legal relations that may or will be formed with the authorities and the territorial community needs to be used more often in practice. The reason for the administrative agreement may be both the law, which must clearly establish the terms of such legal relations, and the decision of the council to delegate public authority, to delimit the competence or determine the order of interaction between the subjects of power, for redistribution or pooling of budget funds in cases specified by law, instead of issuing an individual act, to regulate the provision of administrative services. Here, the contract appears as a necessity to regulate legal relations between the subjects of these relations, one of which is a subject of public law. The legal nature of such agreements is quite debatable. The use of an administrative agreement will accelerate the effective activities of territorial communities and public authorities and lead them to much more rapid implementation of decisions. It is not possible to implement decentralization processes without expanding the legal instruments that must be justly entrusted to the people

Productivity of labour in the agricultural sector of Ukraine's economy is a major factor of its development

The theoretical and practical aspects of determination of economic definition and methods of measuring labour productivity are considered. The methodical approaches to determining the place of Ukraine in the ranking of countries by the level of labour productivity are researched. It is established that according to the World Bank, in Ukraine the level of labour productivity in the economy is five times lower than in the EU (28). A comparative analysis of the achieved level of labour productivity by types of economic activity was carried out. It was established that during 2012–2016 the most stable rates of growth of labour productivity by types of economic activity were demonstrated by agriculture, forestry and fishery, real estate operations, professional, scientific and technical activities. The analysis of the state of labour productivity in agriculture by the categories of commodity producers and branches of plant growing and livestock farming was conducted. Calculations have shown that in agriculture labour productivity is rather low due to its low level in households. Labour productivity in agricultural enterprises has reached its level in industry. The tendencies in the ratio of growth rates of labour productivity and wages in agricultural enterprises are analyzed. The necessity of increasing labour productivity in the agrarian sector of the economy as a source of growth of national income and a factor of increasing the competitiveness of the national economy is substantiated. Keywords: agriculture, production resources, efficiency, labour productivity, gross output, gross value added, competitiveness of econom

Спірні питання, пов’язані з укладанням адміністративного договору

Дмитрук, І. М. Спірні питання, пов’язані з укладанням адміністративного договору = Сontroversial issues related to the conclusion of administrative agreements / І. М. Дмитрук // Юридичні науки : вісн. ЗНУ. – Запоріжжя, 2017. – № 2. – C. 79–84.Досліджено поняття адміністративного договору та основні питання його укладання і виконання згідно українського законодавства. Встановлено ознаки, визначено особливості, що відрізняють адміністративний договір від інших видів договорів. Вивчається правова природа цієї дефініції. Вироблено висновок про необхідність подальшого вдосконалення адміністративного законодавства для детального врегулювання такого особливого виду договірних відносин.The legal nature of the contractual relationship allows applying them in different areas of law. The jurisdiction of the courts depends on clearly identified administrative, civil or other types of agreement. The courts will consider disputes, in which the subject of the suit will be such an agreement. At present, the contractual relationships in public administration have no relevant legal registration yet. The institute of the administrative agreement requires a detailed study and scientific research. The contractual relations are considered to be long-term relationships, which encourage the development of legislation. They are designed for a quick resolution as for some urgent issues. It is logical and understandable that such legal mechanisms can be used to solve the state management tasks. The administrative agreement is a bilateral or multilateral agreement, which contains the rights and obligations arising from the administrative functions of a government entity that is a party to the agreement. The administrative agreement serves that necessary mechanism that ensures a possibility of establishing within the law disputes arising between public authorities, local governments, and individuals and legal entities to provide public values. The main purpose is to provide primarily public interest, which is the peculiarity of the administrative agreement is achieving of public values, which nowadays is quite controversial, against the high level of corruption in all spheres of state administration and, in general, in all spheres of public life. Another feature of the administrative agreement is its complexity. It can not only regulate the administrative and legal relations but also relations governed by other branches of law. But clearly, government entities cannot act only as an imperative method. In their work, they can use the free will that applies to different areas of the subject. The legal nature of such agreement is quite disputable. One more problem and dispute conclusion, an administrative contract is a competence of executive authorities and local governments, their subject composition. We sum up that the regulation of contractual relations in the administrative law requires legislative improvement. More precise definition of administrative agreement of codified administrative law will allow government entities often use free will in the administrative relationship.Исследовано понятие административного договора, основные вопросы его заключения и испонения согластно украинскому законодательству. Установлены признаки, определены особенности, отличающие административный договор от других видов договоров. Изучается правовая природа этой дифиниции. Сделан вывод о необходимости дальнейшего совершенствования административного законодательства для детального урегулирования такого особого вида договорных отношений

Problems of creation and modeling of elionic-induced nanostructures

Problems of creation and modeling of elionic-induced (ion, electron and laser) nanostructures are analyzed. These problems are connected with creation subsurface surplus regions of electrical charge (positive for ions and negative for electrons and laser). Dose and type of irradiation influences on the formation nanostructures are researched. Problems of creation superstructures of various natures are discussed. Difference of physical mechanism of creation structures with help various type of irradiation is analyzed. Possible applications of proper type of irradiation and receiving structures are represented too. The comparative analysis these results with experimental data is represented and discussed. The good concordance of experimental and theoretical data was received

Problems of creation and modeling of elionic-induced nanostructures

Problems of creation and modeling of elionic-induced (ion, electron and laser) nanostructures are analyzed. These problems are connected with creation subsurface surplus regions of electrical charge (positive for ions and negative for electrons and laser). Dose and type of irradiation influences on the formation nanostructures are researched. Problems of creation superstructures of various natures are discussed. Difference of physical mechanism of creation structures with help various type of irradiation is analyzed. Possible applications of proper type of irradiation and receiving structures are represented too. The comparative analysis these results with experimental data is represented and discussed. The good concordance of experimental and theoretical data was received