Efeitos de resíduos orgânicos no solo na germinação de esclerócios, no crescimento micelial e na ocorrência de doenças induzidas por Sclerotium rolfsii

The addition of organic residues to soil is an option to control some soil-borne diseases. Benzaldehyde and powders of kudzu (Pueraria lobata), velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana), and pine-bark (Pinus elliottii and P. taeda) added to soil could reduce certain soil-borne diseases. This study evaluated the effects of benzaldehyde and the dried powders of kudzu, velvetbean, and pine-bark as soil amendments on germination and formation of sclerotia, on mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, on plant survival, and disease incidence. The data showed that high amounts of benzaldehyde (0.4 ml kg-1 of soil) and velvetbean (100 g kg-1) inhibited S. rolfsii mycelial growth and sclerotium germination. However, low amounts of benzaldehyde (0.1 ml kg-1), kudzu (25 g kg-1), and pine-bark (25 g kg-1) stimulated mycelial growth and sclerotium germination. Kudzu (25-100 g kg-1) and velvetbean (25-100 g kg-1) inhibited the formation of sclerotia. Nevertheless, benzaldehyde at 0.2 and 0.4 ml kg-1 stimulated the formation of sclerotia. Kudzu (50 and 100 g kg-1) and pine-bark (50 g kg-1) favored the colonization of sclerotia by Trichoderma sp. The numbers of soybean (Glycine max) plants were higher and diseased plants were lower than the non-amend soil in the following treatments: kudzu (50 and 100 g kg-1), velvetbean (50 and 100 g kg-1), and pine-bark (50 g kg-1). Disease severity on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants was low in soil treated with kudzu or velvetbean (30 and 35 g kg-1) and pine-bark (35 g kg-1). Dried powders of kudzu, velvetbean, or pine-bark added to soil can reduce disease by reducing pathogen inoculum.A adição ao solo de resíduos orgânicos é uma opção para o manejo de doenças causadas por patógenos de solo. Benzaldeido e resíduos moídos de puerária (Pueraria lobata), mucuna (Mucuna deeringiana) e casca de Pinus (Pinus elliottii e P. taeda) podem reduzir certas doenças propagadas pelo solo. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do benzaldeido e de pós-secos de puerária, mucuna e casca de Pinus sp. como resíduos de solo na germinação e formação de esclerócios, no crescimento micelial de Sclerotium rolfsii, na sobrevivência de plantas, na incidência de doença e na atividade enzimática do solo. Concentrações mais altas de benzaldeido (0,4 ml kg-1 de solo) e mucuna (100 g kg-1) inibiram o crescimento micelial e a germinação de esclerócios. Todavia, concentrações mais baixas de benzaldeido (0,1 g kg-1), puerária (25 g kg-1), e casca de Pinus sp. (25 g kg-1) estimularam o crescimento micelial e a germinação de esclerócios. Puerária (25-100 g kg-1) e mucuna (25-100 g kg-1) inibiram a formação de esclerócios. Contudo, benzaldeido a 0,2 e 0,4 ml kg-1 estimulou a formação de esclerócios. Puerária (50 e 100 g kg-1) e casca de Pinus sp. (50 g kg-1) favoreceram a colonização dos esclerócios por Trichoderma sp. O número de plantas de soja (Glycine max) foi maior e o número de plantas doentes foi mais baixo em solos com puerária (50 e 100 g kg-1), mucuna (50 e 100 g kg-1) e casca de Pinus sp. (50 g kg-1) do que em solos sem estes resíduos. A severidade de doença em tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) foi baixa em solo com puerária ou mucuna (30 e 35 g kg-1) e casca de Pinus sp. (35 g kg-1). Pós-secos de puerária, mucuna ou casca de Pinus sp. incorporados ao solo podem reduzir a doença devido à redução do inóculo do patógeno

Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de milho pré-condicionadas em água ozonizada

A técnica de hidratação controlada das sementes vem sendo utilizada como método de condicionamento fisiológico, objetivando melhorar o seu desempenho no campo. A aeração da solução com gás ozônio constitui opção promissora no controle de fitopatógenos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de milho pré-condicionada em água ozonizada. Na avaliação da qualidade fisiológica e sanitária, as sementes de milho foram submetidas a quatro concentrações de gás ozônio (0, 10, 20 e 30 mg L-1) em cinco períodos de embebição (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 min), com quatro repetições. A técnica de pré-condicionamento das sementes de milho em água ozonizada, seguida de secagem natural, acarretou desenvolvimento inicial mais acentuado das plântulas de milho, avaliado por meio do índice de velocidade de emergência, matéria seca de plântulas, comprimento de plântula e radícula, quando comparadas com as sementes não tratadas. O desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas de milho foi intensificado mediante exposição das sementes à água, especialmente nas concentrações de 0 e 30 mg L-1 de ozônio, durante o período de 60 a 90 min. O pré-condicionamento das sementes de milho em água ozonizada não afetou o controle de Fusarium sp. O fungicida carbendazim+thiram resultou em 100% de controle de Fusarium sp. nas sementes.The technique of controlled hydration of seeds has been used as a method of physiological conditioning to improve their performance in the field. Solution aeration with ozone gas is a promising option in controlling phytopathogens. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of maize seeds preconditioned in ozonated water. In the evaluation of the physiological and sanitary quality, maize seeds were submitted to four concentrations of ozone gas (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1) for five soaking periods (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min), with four replicates. Preconditioning maize seeds in ozonated water, followed by natural drying, resulted in a more pronounced initial development of seedlings, measured by means of the emergence speed index, seedling dry matter, seedling length and radicle length, compared with untreated seeds. The initial development of maize seedlings was intensified by the exposure of seeds to water, especially at 0 and 30 mg L-1 ozone concentrations during the period from 60 to 90 min. Preconditioning maize seeds in ozonated water did not affect the control of Fusarium sp. The fungicide Carbendazim + Thiram resulted in 100% control of Fusarium sp. in the seeds

Post harvest application of Cryptococcus laurentii reduces apple fruit rots

As podridões pós-colheita podem ocasionar perdas substanciais em maçãs (Malus domestica). O mofo azul (Penicillium expansum), a podridão amarga (Glomerella cingulata) e a podridão olho-de-boi (Pezicula malicorticis) estão entre as mais comuns. Grande atenção tem sido dada ao uso de alternativas de controle às doenças pós-colheita. A aplicação pós-colheita de leveduras, como o Cryptococcus laurentii, é uma das opções. Neste estudo testou-se a eficiência de C. laurentii (isolado 36) para o controle de podridões em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala'. Após aplicação dos produtos, através de imersão, os frutos foram armazenados em laboratório (15-20 ºC / 60-70% UR) ou em câmara fria (1 ºC / 90-95% UR). Os patógenos foram inoculados na concentração de 10² conídios ml-1, a levedura a 10(7) células ml-1 e os fungicidas a 150 mg l-1. Em testes de laboratório, a aplicação de C. laurentii reduziu as podridões (G. cingulata, P. expansum e P. malicorticis) da maçã tanto quanto os fungicidas testados (thiabendazol e iprodione). Nos testes efetuados em câmara fria, constatou-se que, após o armazenamento, o tratamento de maçãs com C. laurentii foi tão eficiente quanto os tratamentos com fungicidas (thiabendazol, iprodione, digluconato de clorohexidina, dicloro-s-triazinatriona sódica, dicloroisocianurato de sódio e hipoclorito de sódio) na redução da podridão causada por P. expansum. Aplicação de C. laurentii não alterou a firmeza de polpa nem o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix) dos frutos.Rots might be responsible for substantial post harvest losses in apples (Malus domestica). The blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum, the bitter rot caused by Glomerella cingulata, and the 'bull's-eye rot' induced by Pezicula malicorticis are among of the most common rots. Great attention has been given to less environmental damaging alternatives for the control of postharvest diseases. The post harvest application of east-like fungi, such as Cryptococcus laurentii, is one option for controlling fruit rot. This study was carried out to test the efficiency of C. laurentii on fruit rot control in 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples. After application of treatments, by immersion, the fruits were stored in the laboratory (15-20 °C / 60-70% RH) or in cold storage (1 °C / 90-95% RH). The pathogens were applied at a concentration of 10² conidia ml-1, the yeast at 10(7) cells ml-1, and the fungicides at 150 mg l-1. The Cryptococcus laurentii was as efficient in reducing apple fruit rots (G. cingulata , P. expansum , and P. malicorticis) as were the fungicides thiabendazole and iprodione. In cold storage trials, C. laurentii was as efficient as the fungicides (thiabendazole, iprodione, chlorhexidine digluconate, sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione, sodium dicloroisocyanurate, and sodium hypochloride) in reducing P. expansum fruit rot. The application of C. laurentii did not affect flesh firmness and the total soluble solids content (°Brix) of the fruits

Post harvest application of Cryptococcus laurentii reduces apple fruit rots

As podridões pós-colheita podem ocasionar perdas substanciais em maçãs (Malus domestica). O mofo azul (Penicillium expansum), a podridão amarga (Glomerella cingulata) e a podridão olho-de-boi (Pezicula malicorticis) estão entre as mais comuns. Grande atenção tem sido dada ao uso de alternativas de controle às doenças pós-colheita. A aplicação pós-colheita de leveduras, como o Cryptococcus laurentii, é uma das opções. Neste estudo testou-se a eficiência de C. laurentii (isolado 36) para o controle de podridões em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Gala'. Após aplicação dos produtos, através de imersão, os frutos foram armazenados em laboratório (15-20 ºC / 60-70% UR) ou em câmara fria (1 ºC / 90-95% UR). Os patógenos foram inoculados na concentração de 10² conídios ml-1, a levedura a 10(7) células ml-1 e os fungicidas a 150 mg l-1. Em testes de laboratório, a aplicação de C. laurentii reduziu as podridões (G. cingulata, P. expansum e P. malicorticis) da maçã tanto quanto os fungicidas testados (thiabendazol e iprodione). Nos testes efetuados em câmara fria, constatou-se que, após o armazenamento, o tratamento de maçãs com C. laurentii foi tão eficiente quanto os tratamentos com fungicidas (thiabendazol, iprodione, digluconato de clorohexidina, dicloro-s-triazinatriona sódica, dicloroisocianurato de sódio e hipoclorito de sódio) na redução da podridão causada por P. expansum. Aplicação de C. laurentii não alterou a firmeza de polpa nem o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix) dos frutos.Rots might be responsible for substantial post harvest losses in apples (Malus domestica). The blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum, the bitter rot caused by Glomerella cingulata, and the 'bull's-eye rot' induced by Pezicula malicorticis are among of the most common rots. Great attention has been given to less environmental damaging alternatives for the control of postharvest diseases. The post harvest application of east-like fungi, such as Cryptococcus laurentii, is one option for controlling fruit rot. This study was carried out to test the efficiency of C. laurentii on fruit rot control in 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apples. After application of treatments, by immersion, the fruits were stored in the laboratory (15-20 °C / 60-70% RH) or in cold storage (1 °C / 90-95% RH). The pathogens were applied at a concentration of 10² conidia ml-1, the yeast at 10(7) cells ml-1, and the fungicides at 150 mg l-1. The Cryptococcus laurentii was as efficient in reducing apple fruit rots (G. cingulata , P. expansum , and P. malicorticis) as were the fungicides thiabendazole and iprodione. In cold storage trials, C. laurentii was as efficient as the fungicides (thiabendazole, iprodione, chlorhexidine digluconate, sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione, sodium dicloroisocyanurate, and sodium hypochloride) in reducing P. expansum fruit rot. The application of C. laurentii did not affect flesh firmness and the total soluble solids content (°Brix) of the fruits

Reaction of Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes to stem rot and powdery mildew

A podridão do colo (Sclerotium rolfsii) e o oídio (Erysiphe polygoni) são de constante ocorrência na cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) no estado de Santa Catarina. O uso de genótipos com resistência genética é uma das alternativas de manejo destas doenças. Avaliou-se a reação a podridão e ao oídio em 80 e 75 genótipos de feijão respectivamente. Os testes foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Para os testes com a podridão do colo, cada semente dos genótipos foi inoculada com dois esclerócios de S. rolfsii. A infecção por oídio ocorreu naturalmente. Usou-se a cv. Rio Tibagi como padrão de média resistência à podridão ou de média susceptibilidade ao oídio. Os genótipos menos afetados pela podridão do colo e que diferiram da 'Rio Tibagi' foram: grupo preto - LA 95105428, FT 646 e Acesso 57; grupo colorido - BAF 50. A maioria dos genótipos não diferiu da 'Rio Tibagi', porém o mais afetado pela podridão do colo foi o BAF 10. Os genótipos mais susceptíveis ao oídio foram o Acesso 57 (Preto) e o FGP CF 101 (Preto). Os genótipos menos afetados pelo oídio foram: grupo preto - Acessos 60 e 36, FGP CF 058, TB 95-03, LM95103904 e LP 96-58; grupo colorido - Akitã, LP 94-1 e LP 96-162.The stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) are common in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The use of less susceptible varieties can reduce the incidence of these diseases. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the reaction of more than 70 bean genotypes (black and colored groups) to stem rot and powdery mildew. The tests were conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized block design. Each seed for the stem rot test was inoculated with two sclerotia of S. rolfsii. For the powdery mildew tests, the plants were naturally infected by air borne conidia. The cultivar Rio Tibagi was used as pattern of median resistance towards stem rot and median susceptibility towards powdery mildew for statistical comparisons. The genotypes less affected by stem rot were (compared to 'Rio Tibagi'): black group - LA 95105428, FT 646, and Access 57; colored group ('Carioca') - BAF 50. The genotype most affected by stem rot was BAF 10. Most of the genotypes did not differ from 'Rio Tibagi' in terms of stem rot intensity. The genotypes most susceptible to stem rot were Access 57 (black) and FGP CF 101 (black). The genotypes less affected by powdery mildew were: black group - Access 60, Access 36, FGP CF 058, TB 95-03, LM95103904, and LP 96-58; colored group - Akitã, LP 94-1, and LP 96-162

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt