ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA DỊCH CHIẾT VI KHUẨN LAM ĐẾN NHÂN GIỐNG IN VITRO CÂY LAN HOÀNG THẢO GIẢ HẠC (Dendrobium anosmum Lindl.)

Protocorms of 4-week-old Dendrobium anosmum Lindl. were used as initial material for in vitro propagation. The stock extract of Arthrospira sp. was prepared by grinding 1 g of fresh biomass in 100 mL of distilled water. The in vitro propagation results show that the cyanobacterial extract has the effect of enhancing shoot multiplication and rooting of Dendrobium anosmum. An MS basal medium supplemented with 6 g·L–1 agar, 30 g·L–1 saccharose, and 1.5 mg·L–1 BAP in combination with 20 mL·L–1 cyanobacteria extract was suitable for protocorm multiplication with a protocorm cluster diameters of 2.43 cm. An MS medium supplemented with 6 g·L–1 agar, 30 g·L–1 sucrose, and 1.0 mg·L–1 BAP combined with 20 mL·L–1 cyanobacterial extract was optimal for shoot multiplication. The number of shoots/explant reached 4.7 and a shoot height of 1.37 cm. An MS medium supplemented with 6 g·L–1 agar, 30 g·L–1 sucrose, and 1.5 mg·L–1 NAA in combination with 30 mL·L–1 cyanobacteria extract was the most suitable for rooting with 4.87 roots/bud; the root length was 0.74 cm, and the shoot height was 2.76 cm. These results would open up the application of cyanobacterial extract to reduce costs in plant tissue culture technology.Protocorm của cây lan Hoàng thảo Giả hạc (Dendrobium anosmum Lindl.) bốn tuần tuổi được sử dụng để làm vật liệu khởi đầu cho nhân giống in vitro. Dịch chiết gốc vi khuẩn lam Arthrospira sp. được tạo thành bằng cách nghiền 1 g sinh khối tươi trong 100 mL nước cất. Kết quả cho thấy dịch chiết vi khuẩn lam có tác dụng tăng cường sự nhân chồi và ra rễ của cây lan Hoàng thảo Giả hạc nuôi cấy in vitro. Môi trường MS cơ bản bổ sung 6 g·L–1 agar, 30 g·L–1 saccharose và 1,5 mg·L–1 BAP kết hợp với 20 mL·L–1 dịch chiết vi khuẩn lam thích hợp cho sự nhân protocorm và môi trường tối ưu cho nhân chồi. Đường kính cụm protocorm thu được là 2,43 cm. Môi trường MS cơ bản bổ sung 6 g·L–1 agar, 30 g·L–1 saccharose và 1,0 mg·L–1 BAP kết hợp với 20 mL·L–1 dịch chiết vi khuẩn lam là môi trường tối ưu cho nhân chồi, số chồi/mẫu đạt 4,7; chồi cao 1,37 cm. Môi trường MS cơ bản bổ sung 6 g·L–1 agar, 30 g·L–1 saccharose và 1,5 mg·L–1 NAA kết hợp với 30 mL·L–1 dịch chiết vi khuẩn lam thích hợp nhất cho tạo rễ từ chồi in vitro với 4,87 rễ/chồi; chiều dài rễ là 0,74 cm và chiều cao chồi là 2,76 cm. Kết quả này sẽ mở ra triển vọng ứng dụng dịch chiết vi khuẩn lam giúp giảm chi phí trong công nghệ nuôi cấy mô tế bào thực vật

Benefits and limitations of text messages to stimulate higher learning among community providers: participants’ views of an mHealth intervention to support continuing medical education in Vietnam

BACKGROUND: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2015 to evaluate a mobile continuing medical education (mCME) intervention that provided daily text messages to community-based physicians’ assistants (CBPAs) in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam. Although the intervention failed to improve medical knowledge over a 6-month period, a companion qualitative study provided insights on the views and experiences of intervention participants. METHODS: We conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) among participants randomized to receive text messages containing either simple medical facts or quiz questions. Trained interviewers collected data immediately following the conclusion of the trial in December 2015. Using semi-structured question guides, respondents were queried on their views of the intervention, positive and negative, and perceived impacts of the intervention. During analysis, after learning that the intervention had failed to increase knowledge among participants, we also examined reasons for lack of improvement in medical knowledge. All analyses were performed in NVivo using a thematic approach. RESULTS: A total of 70 CBPAs engaged in one of 8 FGDs or an IDI. One-half were men; average age among all respondents was 40 years. Most (81%) practiced in rural settings and most (51%) focused on general medicine. The mean length of work experience was 3 years. All respondents made positive comments about the intervention; convenience, relevance, and quick feedback (quiz format) were praised. Downsides encompassed lack of depth of information, weak interaction, technology challenges, and challenging/irrelevant messages. Respondents described perceived impacts encompassing increased motivation, knowledge, collegial discussions, Internet use to search for more information, and clinical skills. Overall, they expressed a desire for the intervention to continue and recommended expansion to other medical professionals. Overreliance on the text messages, lack of effective self-study, and technical/language-based barriers may be potential explanations for intervention failure. CONCLUSION: As a form of mCME, daily text messages were well-received by community-level health care providers in Vietnam. This mCME approach appears very promising in low-resource environments or where traditional forms of CME are impractical. Future models might consider enhancements to foster linkages to relevant medical materials, improve interaction with medical experts, and tailor medical content to the daily activities of medical staff

The role of nutritional risk evaluation in predicting adverse outcomes among patients with severe COVID-19 in Vietnam

IntroductionAs sufficient nutrition helps alleviate catabolic stress and modulate the systemic inflammatory response of the body, it plays an indispensable role in the good prognosis of critically ill patients. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the malnutrition of patients with severe COVID-19 and its association with adverse treatment outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in two provincial hospitals in Hanoi from February to April 2022. Participants were patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Malnutrition risk were evaluated by Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 (NRS), Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM), Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), and the adverse prognosis was assessed by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II). The multivariate receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to estimate the predictive ability of those criteria regarding worse treatment results.ResultsThe percentages of malnutrition measured by NRS, GLIM, PNI, and BMI were 62.6, 51.5, 42.9, and 16.6%, respectively. Patients with more severe malnutrition assessed by GLIM, PNI, and having above target fasting blood glucose (FBG) (≥10.0 mmol/L) were more likely to have higher APACHE scores. PNI had a better diagnostic performance than NRS and BMI (AUC = 0.84, 0.81, and 0.82, respectively). In addition, FBG revealed a good prognostic implication (AUC = 0.84).ConclusionA relatively high percentage of patients experienced moderate and severe malnutrition regardless of screening tools. Individuals at higher risk of malnutrition and high FBG were predicted to have more adverse treatment outcomes. It is recommended that nutritional screening should be conducted regularly, and personalizing nutritional care strategies is necessary to meet patients’ nutrient demands and prevent other nutrition-related complications

Host Transcription Profile in Nasal Epithelium and Whole Blood of Hospitalized Children Under 2 Years of Age With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.

BACKGROUND: Most insights into the cascade of immune events after acute respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection have been obtained from animal experiments or in vitro models. METHODS: In this study, we investigated host gene expression profiles in nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and whole blood samples during natural RSV and rhinovirus (hRV) infection (acute versus early recovery phase) in 83 hospitalized patients <2 years old with lower respiratory tract infections. RESULTS: Respiratory syncytial virus infection induced strong and persistent innate immune responses including interferon signaling and pathways related to chemokine/cytokine signaling in both compartments. Interferon-α/β, NOTCH1 signaling pathways and potential biomarkers HIST1H4E, IL7R, ISG15 in NP samples, or BCL6, HIST2H2AC, CCNA1 in blood are leading pathways and hub genes that were associated with both RSV load and severity. The observed RSV-induced gene expression patterns did not differ significantly in NP swab and blood specimens. In contrast, hRV infection did not as strongly induce expression of innate immunity pathways, and significant differences were observed between NP swab and blood specimens. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that RSV induced strong and persistent innate immune responses and that RSV severity may be related to development of T follicular helper cells and antiviral inflammatory sequelae derived from high activation of BCL6

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

NHÂN GIỐNG IN VITRO CÂY SA NHÂN (Amomum sp.) Ở HUYỆN A LƯỚI, TỈNH THỪA THIÊN HUẾ

Amomum is a precious medicinal plant, currently being developed and cultivated to produce the source of medicinal materials. This paper presents the obtained results of micropropagation of Amomum sp., originated in Hong Thuy commune, A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province. Shoot tips and stem bases were sterilized with HgCl2 0.15% in 15-18 minutes, then soaked nano silver solution 40 ppm in 12 minutes. Results indicated that highly effective sterilization occurred with HgCl2 in 16 minutes for shoot tips (the highest rate of living explants was 40%) and in 17 minutes for stem bases (the highest rate of living explants was 42.86%). Then, shoot tips and stem bases were cultured in MS medium supplemented alone with BAP, kinetin. After 4 weeks of culture, the best regeneration buds achieved on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP (1.83 shoots/stem base; 2.75 shoots/shoot tip were cut longitudinally into two pieces) or on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l kinetin (1.60 shoots/stem base; 2.0 shoots/shoot tip were cut longitudinally into two pieces). The shoot multiplication from in vitro stem base was achieved on MS medium supplemented alone with BAP, kinetin or in combination BAP with NAA. After 10 weeks of culture, the multiplication coefficent was greatest on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP. The average number of shoots per explant was 9.83. In vitro shoots were transfered on MS medium supplemented with NAA or IBA for root initiation. The highest number of roots per shoot (7.17) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/l NAA. The longest roots (3.89 cm) observed in MS medium supplemented with IBA 0.4 mg/l. The plantlets were acclimatized and transplanted successfully in the coconut coir pots. The plantlet survival rate was 94.44% one month after transferring in pots and 72.22% two month after transferring in pots.Cây sa nhân là một loài dược liệu quý, hiện đang được nhiều người quan tâm phát triển trồng nhằm tạo nguồn dược liệu. Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi trình bày kết quả thí nghiệm nhân giống in vitro cây sa nhân (Amomum sp.) thu ở huyện A Lưới, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Đỉnh sinh trưởng và gốc thân của cây tự nhiên được khử trùng bằng HgCl2 0,15% trong thời gian từ 15-18 phút, sau đó ngâm trong dung dịch nano bạc 40 ppm trong 12 phút. Đối với đỉnh chồi, thời gian khử trùng HgCl2 16 phút cho tỷ lệ mẫu sống cao nhất, đạt 40% và đối với gốc thân, thời gian khử trùng HgCl2 17 phút cho tỷ lệ mẫu sống cao nhất, đạt 42,86%. Mẫu được nuôi cấy trên môi trường MS bổ sung riêng lẻ chất kích thích sinh trưởng (KTST) BAP, KIN (kinetin). Sau 4 tuần nuôi cấy, khả năng tái sinh chồi tốt nhất đạt được trên môi trường bổ sung BAP 2,0 mg/l (1,83 chồi/mẫu gốc thân và 2,75 chồi/mẫu chồi đỉnh bổ đôi) hoặc trên môi trường bổ sung kinetin 3,0 mg/l (1,60 chồi/mẫu gốc thân và 2,0 chồi/mẫu chồi đỉnh bổ đôi). Gốc thân in vitro được cấy lên môi trường nhân nhanh bổ sung riêng lẻ các chất kích thích sinh trưởng BAP và kinetin hoặc phối hợp BAP với NAA. Sau 10 tuần nuôi cấy, môi trường bổ sung BAP 1,0 mg/l cho số chồi lớn nhất đạt 9,83 chồi/mẫu. Chồi in vitro được cảm ứng rễ trên môi trường MS bổ sung NAA hay IBA. Rễ được cảm ứng tốt nhất trên môi trường MS có bổ sung 0,6 mg/l NAA cho số rễ cao nhất (7,17 rễ/chồi) và rễ phát triển nhanh về chiều dài trên môi trường bổ sung 0,4 mg/l IBA (3,89 cm). Cây con in vitro được huấn luyện thích nghi và trồng trên giá thể xơ dừa với tỷ lệ sống sót 94,44% sau 1 tháng và 72,22% sau 2 tháng

Evolution of Transparency Reporting towards Effective Transition to Low Carbon Economy in Vietnam

The paper analyzed the evolution of policies to reduce GHG emissions reduction in Vietnam, primarily to fulfill its transparency commitment under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. The uncertainty in the transparency rules of the Paris Agreement will be considered to sketch-out the most likely options for developing national policies to meet the future transparency requirements. The key actors and factors in Vietnam impacted by the policies are illustrated. To analyze the extent of penetration of transparency actions and future potentials provided these options, the progress of building congruence toward domesticating international norms of climate change in Vietnam by empirical assessment of the readiness to implement the ETF is conducted. In their turns, the way each relevant stakeholder responded to newly introduced requirements has a profound impact on policy making and enforcement in Vietnam and can represent a typical example of how the community react to a shift in transparency frameworks. Besides, the paper explores how the transparency policies will imply on the monitoring the transition to a low carbon economy in Vietnam under those reactions and the recommend the way forwards that the country may adopt to make its climate change commitment achieved and benefit significantly from the process

CD40LG mutations in Vietnamese patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome; catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome as a new complication

Background: X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (XHIGM) is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by CD40 ligand defects. Methods: We identified three patients with XHIGM in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Whole-exome sequencing, immunological analyses and western blot were performed to investigate phenotypic and genotypic features. Results: Despite showing symptoms typical of XHIGM, including recurrent sinopulmonary infections, oral ulcers and otitis media, the diagnosis was significantly delayed. One patient developed anti-phospholipid syndrome, which has been documented for the first time in XHIGM syndrome. Two patients had elevated IgM levels and all of them had low IgG levels. Exome sequencing revealed mutations in the CD40LG gene: one novel splicing mutation c.156+2T&gt;A and two previously characterised mutations (non-frameshift deletion c.436_438delTAC, stop-gain c.654C&gt;A). Due to these mutations, the CD40 ligand was not expressed in any of the three patients, as demonstrated by western blot analysis. Conclusion: This is the first report of XHIGM syndrome in Vietnam indicates that an effective diagnostic strategy, such as sequencing analysis, contributes to reliable diagnosis and subsequent therapy.</p

CD40LG

Background: X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (XHIGM) is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by CD40 ligand defects. Methods: We identified three patients with XHIGM in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Whole-exome sequencing, immunological analyses and western blot were performed to investigate phenotypic and genotypic features. Results: Despite showing symptoms typical of XHIGM, including recurrent sinopulmonary infections, oral ulcers and otitis media, the diagnosis was significantly delayed. One patient developed anti-phospholipid syndrome, which has been documented for the first time in XHIGM syndrome. Two patients had elevated IgM levels and all of them had low IgG levels. Exome sequencing revealed mutations in the CD40LG gene: one novel splicing mutation c.156+2T&gt;A and two previously characterised mutations (non-frameshift deletion c.436_438delTAC, stop-gain c.654C&gt;A). Due to these mutations, the CD40 ligand was not expressed in any of the three patients, as demonstrated by western blot analysis. Conclusion: This is the first report of XHIGM syndrome in Vietnam indicates that an effective diagnostic strategy, such as sequencing analysis, contributes to reliable diagnosis and subsequent therapy.</p