Evaluation of acute oral toxicity and diuretic activity of Rudgea viburnoides (Cham.) Benth. (congonha-de-bugre)

Rudgea viburnoides é utilizada popularmente como diurética, hipotensora, antirreumática, antissifilítica, depurativa do sangue e tratamento da dispepsia. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a toxicidade aguda e a atividade diurética do extrato etanólico bruto (EEBFRV) das folhas da R. viburnoides. Na toxicidade aguda empregou-se o teste de Classe, nas doses de 2000 e 5000 mg/kg, dose única, gavage, em camundongos Swiss e ratos Wistar (ambos os sexos). Na atividade diurética administrou-se em ratas Wistar o extrato bruto (40, 80 e 160 mg/kg, furosemida 20 mg/kg (controle +) e solução salina 0,9% (controle -). Não houve letalidade ou sinais de intoxicação, indicando baixa toxicidade desse extrato. O efeito diurético foi dose-dependente nas 24 h, com aumento dos parâmetros: volume de urina 24 h, excreção dos eletrólitos sódio, potássio e cloreto, uréia e creatinina. Os resultados até o momento, podem justificar a sua utilização popular como diurética.Rudgea viburnoides is popularly used as anti-hypertensive, anti-rheumatic, antissifilitic, blood depurative and for treatment of dyspepsia (leaves, bark, tea). The acute toxicity of ethanolic extract (EEBFRV) in single dose was performed by gavage of doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg in Swiss mice and Wistar rats, both sexes, by the class test. To diuretic activity in Wistar rats, it was used the EEBFRV at the doses of 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg, furosemide 20 mg/kg (control +), and saline solution 0.9 % (control -). Regarding acute toxicity, no mortality and no toxicity signs at the dose levels were observed, indicating low toxicity of the extract. The EEBFRV showed statistically significant dose-dependent diuretic effect in 24 h, increasing all parameters evaluated (24h urine volume, excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl- electrolytes, urea (BUN) and creatinine). Thus, the results so far may justify the popular use of Rudgea viburnoides as diuretic.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Validação de escala de desenvolvimento para cultivares brasileiras de arroz irrigado Validation of the development scale for Brazilian flooded rice cultivars

A falta de adoção de uma escala de desenvolvimento apropriada para a cultura do arroz irrigado leva à utilização do número de dias após a emergência, que varia muito com a cultivar e com as condições edafoclimáticas, ao invés de se basear em estádios fenológicos para referir-se a um estádio da planta. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi validar o uso da escala de desenvolvimento para três cultivares brasileiras de arroz irrigado, de ciclos distintos, em três épocas de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido em tanques em Porto Alegre, RS. Os tratamentos constaram de três épocas de semeadura (14 de outubro, 13 de novembro e 18 de dezembro de 2003) e de três cultivares de arroz irrigado (BR-IRGA 409, ciclo médio; IRGA 417, ciclo precoce, e IRGA 421, ciclo superprecoce). Foram semeadas três linhas de cada cultivar por tanque, espaçadas em 0,15m, com a população de 250 plantas m-2. Dez plantas foram identificadas e avaliadas na linha intermediária de cada cultivar. Em todas as cultivares e épocas de semeadura, as plantas atingiram o estádio R1 (diferenciação do primórdio da panícula) com sete folhas expandidas, correspondendo a diferentes idades cronológicas. Com atraso da época de semeadura, somente a cultivar superprecoce reduziu o número de folhas expandidas ao atingir o estádio de formação do colar na folha bandeira (R2). No entanto, o número de dias após a emergência para atingir este estádio variou entre cultivares. O número de dias necessários para atingir cada estádio de desenvolvimento e o ciclo total das cultivares diminuiram à medida que se atrasou a época de semeadura. O sub-período em que se registrou maior variação no número de dias foi do estádio R1 a R2, independente de cultivar ou época de semeadura. A escala proposta foi eficaz para descrever o desenvolvimento da planta de três cultivares brasileiras de arroz irrigado. Assim, propicia a realização de intervenções de manejo na época correta, que é um dos fatores determinantes da obtenção de elevados rendimentos de grãos e do uso racional dos insumos.<br>The number of days after emergency is commonly used to define the rice plant stage, despite the existence of a growth scale. The use of chronological time is not ideal, once it is dependent of the cultivar life cycle and environmental conditions, which are known to affect the plant development. The goal of this study was to validate a rice growth scale for three Brazilian flooded rice cultivars, with different life cycles and in three sowing dates. The experiment was conducted in tanks in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. The three sowing dates were October 14, November 13 and December 18, 2003, and the cultivars chosen were BR-IRGA 409, medium cycle, IRGA 417, early cycle, and IRGA 421, very early cycle. Each cultivar was sowed in three lines, spaced 0.15m from each other, to produce a population of 250 plants m-2. Ten plants composed each sample. The R1 stage (panicle differentiation) was reached when the plants had seven expanded leaves in all treatments, independently of the chronological plant age. A reduction in the number of expanded leaves at the R2 stage (flag leaf collar formation) was only observed for IRGA 421 in the last sowing date. However, the number of days required for each cultivar to reach R2 stage was different. As the sowing date was delayed, the chronological time between each growth stage was reduced. The rice growth scale was much more efficient than the chronological age to determine the plant stage. Therefore, using the rice growth scale is possible to interfere at the correct moment, allowing high yields and rational resource use