Design and integration of lower ports for ITER diagnostic systems

All around the ITER vacuum vessel, forty-four ports will provide access to the vacuum vessel for remotehandling operations, diagnostic systems, heating, and vacuum systems: 18 upper ports, 17 equatorialports, and 9 lower ports. Among the lower ports, three of them will be used for the remote handlinginstallation of the ITER divertor. Once the divertor is in place, these ports will host various diagnosticsystems mounted in the so-called diagnostic racks. The diagnostic racks must allow the support andcooling of the diagnostics, extraction of the required diagnostic signals, and providing access and main-tainability while minimizing the leakage of radiation toward the back of the port where the humans areallowed to enter. A fully integrated inner rack, carrying the near plasma diagnostic components, will bean stainless steel structure, 4.2 m long, with a maximum weight of 10 t. This structure brings water forcooling and baking at maximum temperature of 240?C and provides connection with gas, vacuum andelectric services. Additional racks (placed away from plasma and not requiring cooling) may be requiredfor the support of some particular diagnostic components. The diagnostics racks and its associated exvessel structures, which are in its conceptual design phase, are being designed to survive the lifetimeof ITER of 20 years. This paper presents the current state of development including interfaces, diagnos-tic integration, operation and maintenance, shielding requirements, remote handling, loads cases anddiscussion of the main challenges coming from the severe environment and engineering requirements

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

L' acidose alcoolique (étude de 36 cas cliniques à l' Ile de la Réunion)

GRENOBLE1-BU Médecine pharm. (385162101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Modélisation du fonctionnement microbien au centre des échanges de carbone et d’azote entre les plantes, le sol et l’atmosphère

absen

Advantage of intercropping maize [i](Zea mays[/i] L.) and common bean ([i]Phaseolus vulgaris[/i] L.) on yield and nitrogen uptake in Northeast Algeria

Legume-cereal intercropping, is a productive and sustainable system by its nutrients facilitation, and its effect to increase N uptake for intercropped cereal; via symbiotic nitrogen (N2) fixation. The aim of this work was to test effect of maize-common bean intercropping system on the growth, nodulation, yield and N uptake. This field study was conducted in Setif region, North of Algeria. The study was carried out using intercropping system with one Cvs of common bean and one maize CV which were cultivated locally by the farmers of the region. The results showed a positive correlation between the nodule and shoot dry weight, this correlation is more significant in the intercropping than sole crop. However intercropping increase maize yield by more than 12.5%, the N concentration in shoot (20.8%) and seed (33.5%); as consequence N concentration in rhizosphere soil was significantly enhanced for intercropped common bean. Intercropping advantage was observed especially; at low concentration of nitrogen in indigenous soil. We conclude that nitrogen symbiotic fixation was contributes to facilitate N uptake for intercropped maize

Effect of Maize-common bean intercropping on nitrogen uptake

Legume-cereal intercropping, is a productive and sustainable system because its resource facilitation, and its effect on N input from symbiotic nitrogen fixation into the cropping system. The aim of this work was to study the effect of maize-common bean intercropping system on the growth, nodulation, crop and nutrients uptake especially nitrogen and phosphorus. The study was carried out using intercropping system with one Cvs of common bean bean and one maize CV which were cultivated locally by the farmers of the region. The results showed a positive correlation between the nodule dry weight and shoot dry weight, this correlation is more significant in the intercropping than monoculture. Moreover, intercropping increase maize yield (39.2%), the N content in the shoot (38.6%) and N in grain yield. On the other hand, in intercropping system; the N content in the soil showed a high increase at common bean rhizosphere. However, the P content in maize grain yield knows an increase (16%) under the effect of intercropping. We conclude that the nitrogen symbiotic fixation was contributes to increase nitrogen and phosphorus content and the maize yield in intercropping system

Daily simulation of plant and microbial transfers of carbon between the soil and the atmosphere under wheat-faba bean intercropping

The objective of this work was to collect the data necessary to apply a Model of the transformations of Organic matter by Micro-Organisms of the Soil (MOMOS) to one cultural cycle of a legume-cereal agrosystem in the Mediterranean region. This study has demonstrated that the MOMOS equation system is able to predict the daily exchanges of labile and stable C between the soil and the atmosphere. This fills a gap concerning modelling of direct microbial control on C evolutions and emerges as a new tool for agro-ecology and global change

Modeling the key role of microorganisms in organic storage of soil and plant nutrition

International audienc

Modelling the continuous exchange of nitrogen between microbial decomposers, the organs and symbionts of plants, soil reserves and the atmosphere

Most of the C and N models published over past decades are based on parameters not always linked to the environment and underestimate the role of microorganisms. They are often over-parameterized, which can give multiple solutions for flow calculations between state variables. This work proposes a modelling method centred on the functioning of living organisms in order to calculate flow parameters using data on N stocks in decomposers, plant organs, symbiotic microorganisms, and the soil compartments. The model was settled via a complex N fixing and intercropping system of durum wheat/faba bean compared to the cropping of pure durum wheat and pure faba bean, all in the context of organic farming invaded by weeds and weeded by hand just before flowering. To avoid perturbation of natural exchanges of C and N, no fertilizer was added from 1997 to 2011. The equation system defined for the association of any number of plants, as well as parameters previously published for C-flow calculations were used, and only a few parameters specific to N flows were added, and are discussed. The results showed the strong link between N and C in the environment. The calculations converge toward an unique set of solutions that is consistent with literature data when available. The labile organic N of microbial origin was modelled as the main potentially available stock. Living microorganisms stored about 1% of total N, which was close to the N stock in faba bean and four times more than stock in durum wheat. Inorganic N was immobilized before flowering in competition with N requirement of durum wheat roots. Net N mineralization, mainly from decomposition of faba bean roots, started too late to improve wheat production. During the cropping period, weeds accounted for losses of 20 kg N ha−1, while the atmospheric N2 fixation of 90 kg N ha−1 was close to the total microbial immobilization. The model associating microbial and plant flows of C and N in complex plant covers, appears as a robust tool to quantify the exchanges of the earth organisms with the soil and atmosphere. It enables to propose essential recommendations to improve as well agro-ecology as predictions of global changes of C and N stocks

Discussion de l'article additionnel 2 du décret sur l'organisation du clergé, lors de la séance du lundi 12 juillet 1790

Populus Marc Etienne, Drevon Joseph Claude, Lanjuinais Jean Denis, Chasset Charles Antoine, Lompré Claude Bénigne. Discussion de l'article additionnel 2 du décret sur l'organisation du clergé, lors de la séance du lundi 12 juillet 1790. In: Archives Parlementaires de 1787 à 1860 - Première série (1787-1799) Tome XVII - Du 9 juillet au 12 aout 1790. Paris : Librairie Administrative P. Dupont, 1884. p. 52