Human Pose Transfer with Augmented Disentangled Feature Consistency

Deep generative models have made great progress in synthesizing images with arbitrary human poses and transferring poses of one person to others. Though many different methods have been proposed to generate images with high visual fidelity, the main challenge remains and comes from two fundamental issues: pose ambiguity and appearance inconsistency. To alleviate the current limitations and improve the quality of the synthesized images, we propose a pose transfer network with augmented Disentangled Feature Consistency (DFC-Net) to facilitate human pose transfer. Given a pair of images containing the source and target person, DFC-Net extracts pose and static information from the source and target respectively, then synthesizes an image of the target person with the desired pose from the source. Moreover, DFC-Net leverages disentangled feature consistency losses in the adversarial training to strengthen the transfer coherence and integrates a keypoint amplifier to enhance the pose feature extraction. With the help of the disentangled feature consistency losses, we further propose a novel data augmentation scheme that introduces unpaired support data with the augmented consistency constraints to improve the generality and robustness of DFC-Net. Extensive experimental results on Mixamo-Pose and EDN-10k have demonstrated DFC-Net achieves state-of-the-art performance on pose transfer.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figure

Transmitted drug resistance and transmission clusters among ART-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals from 2019 to 2021 in Nanjing, China

BackgroundTransmitted drug resistance (TDR) is an increasingly prevalent problem worldwide, which will significantly compromise the effectiveness of HIV treatments. However, in Nanjing, China, there is still a dearth of research on the prevalence and transmission of TDR among ART-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals. This study aimed to understand the prevalence and transmission of TDR in Nanjing.MethodsA total of 1,393 participants who were newly diagnosed with HIV-1 and had not received ART between January 2019 and December 2021 were enrolled in this study. HIV-1 pol gene sequence was obtained by viral RNA extraction and nested PCR amplification. Genotypes, TDR and transmission cluster analyses were conducted using phylogenetic tree, Stanford HIV database algorithm and HIV-TRACE, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with TDR.ResultsA total of 1,161 sequences were successfully sequenced, of which CRF07_BC (40.6%), CRF01_AE (38.4%) and CRF105_0107 (6.3%) were the main HIV-1 genotypes. The overall prevalence of TDR was 7.8%, with 2.0% to PIs, 1.0% to NRTIs, and 4.8% to NNRTIs. No sequence showed double-class resistance. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that compared with CRF01_AE, subtype B (OR = 2.869, 95%CI: 1.093–7.420) and female (OR = 2.359, 95%CI: 1.182–4.707) were risk factors for TDR. Q58E was the most prevalent detected protease inhibitor (PI) -associated mutation, and V179E was the most frequently detected non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) -associated mutation. A total of 613 (52.8%) sequences were segregated into 137 clusters, ranging from 2 to 74 sequences. Among 44 individuals with TDR (48.4%) within 21 clusters, K103N/KN was the most frequent TDR-associated mutation (31.8%), followed by Q58E/QE (20.5%) and G190A (15.9%). Individuals with the same TDR-associated mutations were usually cross-linked in transmission clusters. Moreover, we identified 9 clusters in which there was a transmission relationship between drug-resistant individuals, and 4 clusters in which drug-resistant cases increased during the study period.ConclusionThe overall prevalence of TDR in Nanjing was at a moderate level during the past 3 years. However, nearly half of TDR individuals were included in the transmission clusters, and some drug-resistant individuals have transmitted in the clusters. Therefore, HIV drug-resistance prevention, monitoring and response efforts should be sustained and expanded to reduce the prevalence and transmission of TDR in Nanjing

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

The prognostic value of detection of serum VEGF-C level and lymphangiogenesis in mediastinal lymph nodes in the patients with lung cancer

Background and objective There is still lack of special prognostic factor on lung cancer, this study will explore the prognostic value of serum VEGF-C level and lymphangiogenesis of primary cancer and mediastinal lymph nodes in the patients with lung cancer. Methods Thirty patients with NSCLC would accept operation (new group) and 30cases followed up three years postoperative (history group) were chosen respectively. The serum VEGF-C level of new group was tested. The VEGF-C and LYVE-1 expression in the mediastinal lymph nodes were put in practice between two groups. The relationship was analyzed for the serum VEGF-C level, VEGF-C and LYVE-1 expression of primary cancerand mediastinal lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis and the 3-year survival rate of the patients. Results ①In new group, the serum VEGF-C level of N2 patients was significantly higher than that of non-N2 patients. ②In new group, the serum VEGF-C level was closely correlated with VEGF-C expression of primary cancer. ③In two groups, the primary cancer and mediastinal metastasis lymph nodes had high VEGF-C expression. ④VEGF-C expression of primary cancer and mediastinal lymph nodes was closely correlated with LYVE-1 expression between the two groups. ⑤VEGF-C and LYVE-1 expression of N2 patients was significantly higher than that of non-N2 patients between two groups. ⑥The patients' 3-year-survival rate was closely correlated with VEGF-C expression of primary cancer and mediastinal lymphnodes metastasis. Conclusion Serum VEGF-C level has close correlation with VEGF-C expression of primary cancer, lymphangiogenesis of primary cancer/mediastinal lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis status and patient's survival rate. Serum VEGF-C level is possible to be used as prognostic factor on lung cancer

Effects of pulmonary veins ligation style for the patients' stress and cardiac on lung cancer

Background and objective It is needed to explore the effects of operation on stress statue, myocardial damage and arrhythmia to lung cancer. This study would compare the effects of two ligation styles of pulmonary vein on lung cancer patients' stress and cardiac postoperative. Methods 54 cases were divided into two groups randomly:the pulmonary vein trunk-ligation group (trunk group, 27 cases) and the pulmonary vein branch-ligation group (branch group, 27 cases). The blood concentrations of hydrocortisone (HC), blood glucose (BG) and cardial troponin-I (cTnI) were determined at different time point. The surgical data, the quantum of pain and ECG also recorded. Results ① There were no significance difference of the operation time, blood loss during operation and drainage volume in first day after operation between two groups. ② There're no differences of the quantum of pain between two groups. ③ The HC of the two groups' ascend obviously on the end of operation and descend during postoperative. ④ The BG of the two groups' rise on the 1st day obviously, maintain high level on the 2nd day, descend on the 3rd day but still higher than that of preoperation.⑤ The BG and HC show a direct positive correlation postoperative. ⑥ The cTnIs of the trunk group ascend immediatelyafter operation, but there's no statistically significance between two groups. ⑦ The arrhythmia incidence is higher in the trunk group, but the arrhythmia incidences classified by the date after operation of the two groups' show no distinction. Conclusion ① The effects of two pulmonary vein ligation styles on postoperative stress show no significance differences.② The style of pulmonary vein trunk-ligation has a more obvious tendency to do harm to heart than that of branch-ligation. ③ The style of pulmonary vein branch-ligation may reduce the arrhythmia incidence after operation

Effects of MVP regimen on operation and cancer tisswes of Lung Cancer patients

Background and objective Preoperative chemotherapy increases the difficulty and risk of patients爷operation. The aim of this study is to analyze the change of thoracic tissue, study the influence ofchemotherapy to operation, discuss the special aspects of surgical management and observe the pathological change of focus after chemotherapy. Methods 100 patients were chosen and randomly divided into two groups(operation first group, 50 cases; chemotherapy first group, 50 cases) . Some patient爷s pathological sections were observed to investigate focus morphological influence of preoperative chemotherapy and the clinical response rate were compared with pathological response rate. Results It was showed that preoperative chemotherapy conduced different degree thoracic tissue fibrosis. Data statistics demonstrated that there were no significance difference of the operation time, blood loss during operation and drainage volume in first day after operation between two groups. The preoperativechemotherapy increased the difficulty of operation because of tissue fibrosis and scarification, but the risk could be avoided by skillful operation. In first operation group, there were various pathological changes in tumor tissue and the pathological response rate was not completely accordance with the clinical response rate. The focus pathological response rate of two cycles chemotherapy was more higher than that of one cycle chemotherapy. Conclusion Chemotherapy increases the risks of operation. Surgeons carefulness and better skills during operation are the key points to avoid the hazards of surgery. Two preoperative chemotherapy cycles are more suitable for the patients

Study on the Prognosis of the T1a Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Background and objective The new edition of the TNM staging for lung and pleural tumours has been finished, which put weight on the extent of primary tumor as one of the important prognosises. But little study has performed on the primary tumor extent ≤2 cm. The aim of this study is to explore the prognosis of patients with tumor extent ≤2 cm in stage I of non-small cell lung cancer, which helps us to choose the best treatment for these patients. Methods Retrospective study on the clinical response and survival time of whom underwent complete surgical resection and diagnosed as T1a of stage I NSCLC from 1998 to 2004 was analyzed. Data was analyzed by SPSS 17.0 software. Results Overall survival rate was 80.8%. By the study, age (P=0.241), gender (P=0.175), history of smoking (P=0.845), pathologic type (P=0.265), and systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy (SML)(P=0.918) or not, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or not (P=0.616) and visceral pleural invasion (P=0.827) were not the prognosises of these patients. Only the tumor differentiation such as poorly differentiated was the important prognosis (P=0.01). Conclusion In the tumor extent ≤2 cm of stage I non-small cell lung cancer, the visceral pleural invasion maybe not influence the patients survival. The tumor differentiation is one of the important prognostic factors