DOENÇAS DIAGNOSTICADAS PELO LABORATÓRIO DE PATOLOGIA VETERINÁRIA EM 2017

Este trabalho apresenta a casuística de diagnósticos no ano de 2017 do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do IFC Campus Concórdia. Foram 230 diagnósticos em bovinos, 32 em ovinos e 93 em suínos, totalizando 355. Destes, 247 (69,6%) foram através de necropsias e 108 (30,4%) através de amostras formolizadas enviadas por veterinários. Em bovinos as doenças mais incidentes foram anaplasmose e babesiose com 11 casos cada (4,8%); endocardite com 7 casos (3,0%); hemoncose com 6 casos (2,6%) e retículo pericardite traumática com 6 casos (2,6%). Já em ovinos foi hemoncose com 5 casos (15,7%) e suínos doença de Glässer e colibacilose com 6 casos cada (6,4%).

INTOXICAÇÃO POR ÁCIDO CIANÍDRICO NO ALTO URUGUAI CATARINENSE - ESTUDO RETROSPECTIVO (2013-2017)

São consideradas plantas cianogênicas aquelas que contêm como princípio tóxico o ácido cianídrico (HCN). Esta é uma substância muito volátil e considerada como uma das mais tóxicas conhecidamente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar a ocorrência dos casos de intoxicação por ácido cianídrico em bovinos no Alto Uruguai Catarinense, diagnosticados pelo Laboratório de Patologia V eterinária (LPV) do Instituto Federal Catarinense – Campus Concórdia. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo dos diagnósticos em bovinos entre 2013 e 2017. Neste período, foram realizadas 641 necropsias em bovinos, sendo que oito foram devido à intoxicações por ácido cianídrico, correspondendo a 1,25%. A partir dos dados coletados, observou-se uma baixa, mas importante ocorrência desse tipo de intoxicação nos animais desta região. É necessária a continuidade nos trabalhos de divulgação e diagnóstico por parte do laboratório e dos profissionais envolvidos com a cadeia bovina da região, para que essas perdas econômicas sejam minimizadas.Palavras-chave: bovino, patologia, pessegueiro bravo, diagnóstico, necropsia. 

State history and economic development: evidence from six millennia

The presence of a state is one of the most reliable historical predictors of social and economic development. In this article, we complete the coding of an extant indicator of state presence from 3500 BCE forward for almost all but the smallest countries of the world today. We outline a theoretical framework where accumulated state experience increases aggregate productivity in individual countries but where newer or relatively inexperienced states can reach a higher productivity maximum by learning from the experience of older states. The predicted pattern of comparative development is tested in an empirical analysis where we introduce our extended state history variable. Our key finding is that the current level of economic development across countries has a hump-shaped relationship with accumulated state history

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Estudo de coorte em áreas de risco para leishmaniose visceral canina em municípios da Região Metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.

Este estudo objetivou investigar a incidência de leishmaniose visceral em populações caninas de áreas de risco para a doença previamente identificados nos municípios de Lauro de Freitas e Camaçari, Bahia e estimar a associação entre variáveis de risco e a soroconversão de cães tidos como soronegativos em estudo prévio. Cerca de nove a 18 meses foi o intervalo entre a primeira sorologia (estudo prévio) e os resultados descritos neste trabalho. Das 20 áreas de risco reexaminadas, foram testadas em enzime-linked immunosorbent assay amostras de 147 cães e aplicado simultaneamente um questionário epidemiológico aos respectivos proprietários. A incidência geral encontrada foi de 18,4% (27/147), sendo 17,4% (4/23) em Lauro de Freitas e 18,5% em Camaçari (23/124). A presença de galinha e suínos no peridomicílio e registro de cão com leishmaniose visceral eliminado na vizinhança resultaram em incremento do risco relativo de infecção dos cães por Leishmania sp. A eutanásia dos cães previamente detectados como soropositivos, não contribuiu efetivamente para a eliminação da transmissão do parasito nas áreas de risco. Estes dados demonstram que estas áreas permaneceram com transmissão ativa do parasito mesmo após a retirada, ainda que incompleta no município de Camaçari, dos cães soropositivos, e discute a participação de alguns fatores de risco na manutenção da endemicidade nestas áreas

Influenza A Virus as a Predisposing Factor for Cryptococcosis

Influenza A virus (IAV) infects millions of people annually and predisposes to secondary bacterial infections. Inhalation of fungi within the Cryptococcus complex causes pulmonary disease with secondary meningo-encephalitis. Underlying pulmonary disease is a strong risk factor for development of C. gattii cryptococcosis though the effect of concurrent infection with IAV has not been studied. We developed an in vivo model of Influenza A H1N1 and C. gattii co-infection. Co-infection resulted in a major increase in morbidity and mortality, with severe lung damage and a high brain fungal burden when mice were infected in the acute phase of influenza multiplication. Furthermore, IAV alters the host response to C. gattii, leading to recruitment of significantly more neutrophils and macrophages into the lungs. Moreover, IAV induced the production of type 1 interferons (IFN-α4/β) and the levels of IFN-γ were significantly reduced, which can be associated with impairment of the immune response to Cryptococcus during co-infection. Phagocytosis, killing of cryptococci and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by IAV-infected macrophages were reduced, independent of previous IFN-γ stimulation, leading to increased proliferation of the fungus within macrophages. In conclusion, IAV infection is a predisposing factor for severe disease and adverse outcomes in mice co-infected with C. gattii