Učinci šest tjedana treninga dubinskih skokova i skokova s pripremom na pijesku na mišićni zamor i izvedbu

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of six weeks of depth jump (DJ) vs countermovement jump (CMJ) training on sand on muscle soreness, jump, sprint, agility and leg press strength. Thirty healthy men (age 20.4±1.1 years; height 177.4±5.1 cm; and mass 72.8±9.7 kg) volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to one of three groups: DJ training group (n=10), CMJ training group (n=10) or control group (n=10). The experimental groups performed either DJ or CMJ training two days a week for six weeks. The training program included five sets of 20 repetitions DJ (from the height of a 45-cm box) or CMJ exercise onto 20 cm of dry sand. Assessments of Vertical Jump Test (VJT), Standing Long Jump Test (SLJT), 20 and 40 m sprints, T-Test (TT), Illinois Agility Test (IAT), and one-repetition maximum Leg Press (1RMLP) were performed a week before and following the 6-week training period. Muscle soreness was also measured pre, immediately post, 24 and 48 hours after the first and last training sessions. Significant increases were observed in both the DJ and CMJ groups in VJT (16.2 vs. 13.5%), and SLJT (13.9 vs. 14.4%) (p.05). These observations may have considerable practical relevance for the optimal design of plyometric training programs, given that DJ and CMJ training on sand is effective for improving muscular performance.Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi učinke šestotjednog treninga dubinskih skokova u odnosu na skokove s pripremom na pijesku na mišićni zamor, izvedbu skokova, sprinta, agilnost i snagu nožnog potiska. Za sudjelovanje u istraživanju volontiralo je 30 ispitanika (dob: 20,4±1,1 godina; tjelesna visina: 177,4±5,1 cm; tjelesna težina: 72,8±9,7 kg) koji su slučajnim odabirom raspoređeni u jednu od tri grupe: grupu koja je trenirala dubinske skokove (n=10), grupu koja je trenirala skokove s pripremom (n=10) ili kontrolnu grupu (n=10). Ispitanici u eksperimentalnim grupama provodili su trening dubinskih skokova ili trening skokova s pripremom dva puta tjedno tijekom šest tjedana. Program treninga uključivao je pet serija po 20 ponavljanja dubinskih skokova (saskok sa sanduka visine 45 cm) ili skokova s pripremom na suhom pijesku dubine 20 cm. Tjedan dana prije treninga te nakon šest tjedana treninga provedena su mjerenja visine vertikalnog skoka, skoka udalj s mjesta, sprinta na 20 i 40 metara, razine agilnosti pomoću T-testa i Illinois Agility Testa te 1RM u testu nožni potisak. Razina mišićnog zamora također je bila mjerena prije, odmah nakon, 24 i 48 sati nakon prvog i posljednjeg treninga. Značajna povećanja u visini vertikalnog skoka (16,2 vs. 13,5%) i skoku udalj s mjesta (13,9 vs. 14,4%) (p<0,05) zabilježena su u grupi koja je trenirala dubinske skokove, odnosno skokove s pripremom. Značajna smanjenja vremena sprinta na 20 (8,5 vs. 7,4%) i 40 (6,1 vs. 3,8%) metara, T-testu (9,3 vs. 12%) i Illinos Agility Testu (9,2 vs. 10,6%) zabilježena su u obje eksperimentalne grupe. Značajno povećanje 1RM u testu nožni potisak zabilježeno je samo u grupi koja je provodila trening skokova s pripremom. Ista grupa zabilježila je i statistički značajno veći osjećaj mišićnog zamora u mišiću rectus femoris 48 sati nakon prvog treninga nego grupa koja je provodila trening dubinskih skokova i kontrolna grupa. Nisu zabilježene statistički značajne razlike u osjećaju zamora između grupa nakon posljednjeg treninga. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu pridonijeti dizajniranju optimalnih programa pliometrijskog treninga, s obzirom na činjenicu da su oba eksperimentalna tipa treninga na pijesku pokazala učinkovitost u poboljšanju mišićnih performansi

Fluoride ionadsorptionontopalmstone: Optimizationthroughresponsesurface methodology,isotherm,andadsorbent characteristicsdata

In somepartoftheworld,groundwatersourcecanbecomeunsafe for drinkingduetothehighconcentrationof fluoride ions[1]. The low costandfacile-producedadsorbentlikepalmstonecould effectivelyremoved fluoride ionsthroughadsorptionprocess.In this dataset,theinfluence of fluoride ionconcentration,solution pH, adsorbentdosage,andcontacttimeon fluoride ionadsorption by palmstoneswastestedbycentralcompositedesign(CCD) under responsesurfacemethodology(RSM).Thedatastonecar- bonized adsorbentwaspreparedbyasimpleandfacilemethodat relativelylowtemperatureof250 °C during3h.Theadsorbenthad the mainfunctionalgroupsofO–H, –OH, Si–H, C¼O, N¼O, C–C, C– OR, C–H, andC–Br onitssurface.Attheoptimizedconditions obtained byRSM,about84.78%of fluoride ionwasremovedusing the adsorbent.TheLangmuirisothermwassuitableforcorrelation of equilibriumdata(maximumadsorptioncapacity¼ 3.95 mg/g). Overall,thedataofferafacileadsorbenttowaterandwastewater workswhichfacetohighlevelof fluoride water/wastewater content

Učinci suplementacije kreatin monohidratom na oksidativno oštećenje dnk i peroksidaciju lipida izazvanu akutnim progresivnim testom opterećenja do otkaza u hrvača

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a seven-day creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation after incremental exercise to exhaustion in wrestlers. Thirty-one college-aged male wrestlers (age 19.52±2.75 years, body mass 79.24±16.13kg, height 173±6.49cm, and body fat 16.37±5.92%) volunteered to participate in this double-blind, placebo controlled study and were randomly placed into either the placebo (PL; 4×5 g•day-1 of maltodextrine powder; n=16) or the creatine monohydrate (CrM: 4×5 g•day-1 CrM, n=15) group. Prior and following the supplementation period, participants performed an incremental cycling ergometer test to exhaustion. Urine samples were collected before and after the supplementation period at before (Pre), after (Post) and 24 hours after (24h Post) the exercise tests to determine the oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation as measured by urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-Isoprostane (8-iso PGF2α). Our finding demonstrates that the urinary 8-OHdG level significantly increased at 24h Post to exhaustion by 13.36% in CrM and 24.08% in PL before supplementation (p.05). In addition, urinary 8-OHdG concentrations at 24h Post significantly decreased by 32.65% in CrM group after supplementation compared with before supplementation. After supplementation, urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were significantly lower in CrM group compared with PL at 24h Post (p0,05). Koncentracije 8-OHdG iz urina uzetog 24 sata nakon testa značajno su niže (za 32,65%) u CrM grupi nakon suplementacije u odnosu na mjerenje prije suplementacije. Nakon suplementacije, koncentracije 8-OHdG u urinu su bile statistički značajno niže u CrM grupi u usporedbi s placebo grupom 24 sata nakon testa (p<0,05). Rezultati sugeriraju da suplementacija kreatin monohidratom može smanjiti akutno oksidativno oštećenje DNK izazvano vježbanjem do otkaza u hrvača

Investigating the effect of exercise training in different periods of growth on protein synthesis (4E-BP1) and proliferation of cardiac cells (S6K1) in male rats

We investigate the effect of exercise training in different stages of growth on protein synthesis (4E-BP1) and proliferation of heart cells (S6K1) in male rats. 30 male Wistar rats were prepared in three age groups of 2 weeks, 8 weeks, and 90 weeks (10 in each group), and each age group was divided into two control and training groups (5 in each group). In the exercise training group, the animals performed the resistance and aerobic training program every day (interval). The amount of overload for the resistance-training program was determined based on the body weight of the animals. For the aerobic training group, the training intensity increased from 50% of maximum speed in the first week to 80% in the last week. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the control and training groups in each age, as well as between the training groups in the three age (p>0.05). In contrast, the 2-week exercise groups (p=0.022) showed a significant increase and the 90 weeks control group (p=0.002) showed a significant decrease in S6K1 protein in cardiac tissue compared to the 2-week control groups. In the analysis of gene expression, it was also found that the 2-week training group showed a significant increase in S6K1 gene expression compared to the 2-week control group (p=0.018). It seems that doing combined exercise at different ages, especially childhood, has a greater effect on the proliferation index of heart cells (S6K1). However, studies with longer training durations should also be considered

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Anthropometric and physical fitness traits of four-time World Greco-Roman wrestling champion in relation to national norms: a case study

The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the anthropometric and physical fitness traits of a four-time World senior Greco-Roman wrestling champion (age: 24 years, height: 167 cm, weight: 61 kg) in relation to national norms. The anthropometric traits included body weight, height, sitting height, arm-span, and the physical fitness traits included flexibility (sit-and-reach, trunk-and-neck extension and shoulder-and-wrist elevation tests), maximal oxygen uptake (Gas analysis method), muscular endurance (pull-ups and bent-knee sit-ups), muscular strength (bench press, squat), agility (4×9 m shuttle run), speed (40-yd sprint), bilateral visual reaction time and body composition. The major results are as follows: body fat (%): 8.4; body weight (kg): 61; height (cm): 167; sitting height (cm): 89; arm-span (cm): 174; sit-and-reach (cm): 45; trunk-and-neck extension (cm/cm): 0.64; shoulder-and-wrist elevation (cm/cm): 0.54; maximal oxygen uptake (ml·kg-1·min-1): 56; pull-ups (reps): 50; bent-knee sit-ups (reps/min): 77; agility (s): 7.6; speed (s): 4.57; bilateral visual reaction time (ms): 229; 1RM weight lifted in the bench press relative to body weight (kg·kg-1): 1.39 and 1 RM weight lifted in the squat relative to body weight (kg·kg-1): 1.83. The present study indicated that measures of the squat, speed and agility tests of the subject were higher than Iranian national norms for 55 kg senior Greco-Roman style wrestling. The measures of bench press and trunk and shoulder flexibility tests were lower than the national norms. In other tests, no major difference was observed between the results of the subject’s tests and national norms

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS, BODY COMPOSITION AND EXPLOSIVE POWER IN CADET WRESTLERS [Sootnosheniia mezhdu antropometricheskimi parametrami, sostavom tela i vzryvnoj siloj iunykh borcov]

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric parameters, body composition and explosive power in cadet wrestlers. Methods: Seventeen male cadet wrestlers (age = 15.6 +/- 0.73 yrs) from the Kurdistan province wrestling clubs participated in this study. Body composition (percent body fat), anthropometric parameters (height, sitting height, arm-span, upper arm length, leg length, upper leg length, arm circumference, middle thigh and calf circumference), explosive power (standing long jump and Medicine ball throw tests) were measured. Results: Explosive power of upper body was significantly correlated with sitting height arm-span, upper arm length, arm circumference, weight and %BF. Explosive power of lower body was significantly correlated with sitting height, arm-span and weight. No significant correlation was found between explosive power of lower body and leg length, upper leg length, middle thigh circumference and maximum calf circumference Explosive power of upper body was also significantly correlated with explosive power of lower body. Conclusion: Explosive power is an important parameter in wrestling. Having a high level of power along with an appropriate arm-span helps to the wrestler for performing techniques successfully in competition. Our study suggested that height isn't the only parameter affecting talent identification and other parameters such as arm span and sitting height should be seriously considered when criteria for the selection of a wrestler are set