A lógica atual do setor aeroportuário brasileiro

Bibliografia: p. 288-292O passado recente trouxe uma série de desafios a serem enfrentados pelo setor aéreo brasileiro. Mudanças estruturais no setor, que favoreceram sobremaneira o aumento da competição entre as companhias aéreas, acompanhadas de um período de desenvolvimento econômico notável, viabilizaram um representativo aumento no movimento de passageiros em nossos aeroportos. O ritmo de tal aumento não encontrou correspondência na ampliação da infraestrutura aeroportuária do país, tornando premente a adoção de medidas que viabilizassem a adequação do setor aéreo brasileiro a essa nova realidade. Este artigo analisa esse período ímpar que vive o setor aéreo, apresentando uma leitura sobre os principais motivos que impulsionaram esse novo cenário e contextualizando a participação do BNDES no rol de medidas adotadas pelo governo na busca da modernização do setor.The recent past has brought a lot of challenges to be faced by the Brazilian air sector. Structural changes in the industry, which greatly promoted the increase of competition among the airline companies, accompained by a remarkable economic development period, have enabled a representative increase in passenger traffic at our airports. The pace of this increase did not match the expansion of airport infrastructure in the country, urging to measures that would enable the suitability of the Brazilian air sector to this new outlook. This paper discusses the unique period experienced by the air sector, presenting a view about the main reasons that prompted this new scenario and putting into contexto the participation of BNDES in the list of measures adopted by the government in the pursuit of sector modernization

Um estudo sobre os déficits em transações correntes da Austrália (1980 -2008)

Estuda a evolução das Transações Correntes da Austrália entre o período de 1980 a 2008. Fazendo uma análise abrangente das teorias a respeitos das contas externas e estudando as características da economia australiana busca-se compreender quais mecanismos fazem a Austrália registrar sistemáticos déficits em Transações Correntes durante o período estudado

Real exchange rate and structural change in a Kaldorian balance of payments constrained growth model

ABSTRACT The objective of the present article is to develop a Kaldorian Growth model that (i) had a balance of payments constraint, in order to eliminate the inconsistency of balance of payments growth models; and (ii) defines a precise mechanism by which the level of real exchange rate can affect long-term growth. An important innovation introduced in the model is the idea that Kaldor-Verdoorn coefficient - that measures the sensibility of growth rate of labor productivity to output growth - depends on the share of manufacturing output on GDP. This hypothesis allowed us to introduce the possibility of structural change, defined as a dynamic process by which the share of manufacturing industry on real output could change over time. In this case, it will be possible to analyze the dynamic properties of the model either in the case where productive structure is kept constant (case with no structural change), as in the case where it evolves over time as a result of some economic process (case with structural change)

Real exchange rate and structural change in a Kaldorian balance of payments constrained growth model

<div><p>ABSTRACT The objective of the present article is to develop a Kaldorian Growth model that (i) had a balance of payments constraint, in order to eliminate the inconsistency of balance of payments growth models; and (ii) defines a precise mechanism by which the level of real exchange rate can affect long-term growth. An important innovation introduced in the model is the idea that Kaldor-Verdoorn coefficient - that measures the sensibility of growth rate of labor productivity to output growth - depends on the share of manufacturing output on GDP. This hypothesis allowed us to introduce the possibility of structural change, defined as a dynamic process by which the share of manufacturing industry on real output could change over time. In this case, it will be possible to analyze the dynamic properties of the model either in the case where productive structure is kept constant (case with no structural change), as in the case where it evolves over time as a result of some economic process (case with structural change).</p></div

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

International audienceIn 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field