Flucht in die Freiheit

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei Romane von Erich Kästner (Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten) und Max Frisch (Stiller) behandelt. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der Analyse der beiden Hauptprotagonisten, Jakob Fabian aus Kästners „Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten“ und Anatol Ludwig Stiller aus Frischs „Stiller“, deren Suche nach ihrer persönlichen – männlichen - Identität beobachtet wird. Die Flucht in die Freiheit, wie der Titel dieser Arbeit lautet, kann in beiden Romanen, wie gezeigt wird, ausgemacht werden. Sowohl Stiller als auch Fabian „flüchten“, teils freiwillig, teils durch die Umstände dazu gezwungen, aus ihrem (Alltags-) Leben und versuchen einen Neuanfang, indem sie sich von der „Rolle“, die sie zu spielen gewohnt sind, befreien. Da es sich bei den „Helden“ der beiden behandelten Romane um Männer und deren Identitätssuche handelt, ergibt sich eine tiefer gehende Auseinandersetzung mit dem Prinzip der Konstruktion von (männlicher) Identität und mit der Frage des gegenwärtigen kulturwissenschaftlichen Diskurses zur Identität. Dabei soll die Frage beantwortet werden, was die eigentliche Bedeutung des beinahe schon inflationär verwendeten Begriffes „Identität“ ist. Außerdem werden die Begriffe „Selbstwahrnehmung“ und „Männlichkeit“ näher beschrieben. Die Definition der grundlegenden Begriffe Identität und Selbstwahrnehmung erfolgt vor allem unter Bezugnahme auf Thesen Hannah Arendts, Paul Ricoeurs und Emmanuel Levinas´, die sich intensiv mit den genannten Aspekten auseinandergesetzt haben. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt ist ein grundsätzlicher Vergleich der Konstruktion von männlichen und weiblichen Rollenbildern. Die Analyse der problematischen und zum überwiegenden Teil gescheiterten Beziehungen zwischen Männern und Frauen in den beiden Romanen zeigt, dass das Scheitern oft durch nicht hinterfragte Übernahme von gesellschaftlich anerkannten Geschlechterklischees passiert. Darüber hinaus beinhaltet die Arbeit eine formale Analyse der beiden verwendeten Romane. Durch die Beschäftigung mit der Konstruktion der Analyse sollen Antworten auf die Fragen gefunden werden, ob die unterschiedlichen Textkonstruktionen auf die Art der Charaktere von Stiller und Fabian verweisen und ob sich zwischen der Art und Weise des Erzählens und dem Erzählten selbst Bezüge herstellen lassen. Weiters soll gezeigt werden, welche Erzählstrategien vorliegen und was durch diese jeweils erreicht wird

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications