Violence against women and the ineffectiveness of protective measures

O tema deste artigo é Violência contra a mulher e a ineficácia das medidas protetivas. Investigou os seguintes problemas: As medidas protetivas são suficientes para sanar o problema? A Lei Maria da Penha é aplicada devidamente? Cogitou a seguinte hipótese: O sistema tem buscado melhorias, mas as medidas protetivas parecem não serem suficientes para acabar com a raiz do problema. O objetivo geral deste artigo é analisar os efeitos das medidas protetivas em relação í  violência conjugal contra a mulher. Os objetivos especí­ficos são: Checar o í­ndice de violência contra a mulher, listar diferentes manifestações de violência, encorajar mulheres na busca de mudança no âmbito familiar. Este trabalho é de grande importância devido í  finalidade de aplicação de medidas suficientes para facilitar o combate contra este tipo de violência, apostando na redução de agressões, estupros e Feminicí­dio. É uma pesquisa qualitativa teórica com duração de seis meses.  The theme of this article is Violence against women and the ineffectiveness of protective measures. Investigated the following issues: Are protective measures sufficient to remedy the problem? Is the Maria da penha Law properly applied? He considered the following hypothesis: The system has been looking for improvements, but the protective measures do not seem to be enough to end the root of the problem. The general objective of this article is to analyze the effects of protective measures in relation to marital violence against women. Specific objectives are: Check the rate of violence against women; list different manifestations of violence; encourage women to seek change in the family environment. This work is of great importance because of the purpose of applying sufficient measures to facilitate the fight against this type of violence; betting on reducing aggression, rapes and femicide. This is a theoretical qualitative research lasting six months

ATRIBUTOS FUNCIONAIS DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS EM UM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA EM LAGES - SC

This study aimed to describe the functional traits of tree species in an Araucaria Forest fragment, in the municipality of Lages, SC state, in order to group them functionally. For each of the 20 most abundant species in the study area, a total of 10 individuals were sampled for the determination of the mean wood density and mean leaf size. The leaf renovation regimes, the dispersal syndrome and the maximum height in the fragment were also described for these species. The results of maximum height and wood density suggest the existence of a trade-off between investment of resources in height growth, ensuring access to some higher light availability, or in wood density, allowing for greater resilience and survival in a shaded understory environment. The gymnosperm species, Podocarpus lambertii and Araucaria angustifolia showed smaller leaves, while Cupania vernalis, Jacaranda puberula and Matayba elaeagnoides, all of compound leaves, had larger ones. Four functional groups stood out: 1) Evergreen with large leaves, 2) Evergreen with small leaves, 3) Deciduous with zoochoric syndrome, and 4) Deciduous with non-zoochoric syndrome. The results showed that the most abundant species of the studied Araucaria Forest fragment present functional trait variations, suggesting different life strategies.O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever atributos funcionais de espécies arbóreas em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista em Lages - SC, com o propósito de agrupá-las funcionalmente. Para cada uma das 20 espécies mais abundantes na área de estudo foi amostrado um total de 10 indivíduos e determinada a média da densidade da madeira e o tamanho médio das folhas. Dessas espécies, também foi descrito o regime de renovação foliar, a síndrome de dispersão de propágulos e a altura máxima no fragmento. Os resultados de altura máxima e de densidade da madeira sugerem a existência de um trade-off entre o investimento de recursos para o crescimento em altura, garantindo o acesso à maior disponibilidade lumínica, ou em densidade da madeira, permitindo maior capacidade de resistência e sobrevivência em um ambiente sombreado de sub-bosque. As gimnospermas Araucaria angustifolia e Podocarpus lambertii apresentaram as folhas de menor tamanho, enquanto Cupania vernalis, Jacaranda puberula e Matayba elaeagnoides, todas de folhas compostas, apresentam as maiores folhas. Quatro grupos funcionais se destacaram: 1) perenes de folhas grandes, 2) perenes de folhas pequenas, 3) decíduas zoocóricas e 4) decíduas não zoocóricas. Os resultados demonstraram que as espécies mais abundantes do fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista estudado apresentam variações dos atributos funcionais avaliados, sugerindo diferentes estratégias de vida.

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions