30 research outputs found
Precious Metals in SDSS Quasar Spectra I: Tracking the Evolution of Strong, 1.5 < z < 4.5 CIV Absorbers with Thousands of Systems
We have vastly increased the CIV statistics at intermediate redshift by
surveying the thousands of quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data-Release
7. We visually verified over 16,000 CIV systems with 1.46 < z < 4.55---a sample
size that renders Poisson error negligible. Detailed Monte Carlo simulations
show we are approximately 50% complete down to rest equivalent widths W_r ~ 0.6
\AA. We analyzed the sample as a whole and in ten small redshift bins with
approximately 1500 doublets each. The equivalent width frequency distributions
f(W_r) were well modeled by an exponential, with little evolution in shape. In
contrast with previous studies that modeled the frequency distribution as a
single power law, the fitted exponential gives a finite mass density for the
CIV ions. The co-moving line density dN_CIV/dX evolved smoothly with redshift,
increasing by a factor of 2.37+/-0.09 from z = 4.55 to 1.96, then plateauing at
dN_CIV/dX ~ 0.34 for z = 1.96 to 1.46. Comparing our SDSS sample with z < 1
(ultraviolet) and z > 5 (infrared) surveys, we see an approximately 10-fold
increase in dN_CIV/dX over z ~ 6 --> 0, for W_r >= 0.6 \AA. This suggests a
monotonic and significant increase in the enrichment of gas outside galaxies
over the 12 Gyr lifetime of the universe.Comment: 17 pages (emulateapj), 13 figures, 4 tables; accepted to ApJ and in
press; also see http://igmabsorbers.inf
Public International Law: Environmental Law
Noteworthy international activity relating to the environment occurred in a wide variety of fora in 2000. This chapter provides brief updates on some of the most significant developments. Though by no means a comprehensive review, the chapter reflects the wide sweep of issues and large number of entities now involved in the development of international environmental law, at the start of this new century. It also reflects how critical and complex this international work is, and how much remains to be done
Cathelicidin and its role in defence against bacterial infections of epithelial cells
Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that were first discovered to have
microbicidal properties but more recently to be multifunctional immunomodulators and thus
important in influencing host defence against infectious disease. Whilst roles in various
organs have been demonstrated, their expression patterns in health and disease in other
organs are less clear and their key immunomodulatory functions remain undefined,
particularly with regard to the balance of immunomodulatory properties and microbicidal
activity in their ability to promote defence against infection.
I therefore set out to describe LL-37 expression (human cathelicidin) in the female
reproductive tract (across the menstrual cycle) and in the lung (during specific lung diseases),
to define the effects on the function of airway epithelial cells during bacterial infection and to
evaluate the key in vivo roles of endogenous cathelicidin (using a knockout mouse model) as
well as the effect of therapeutic administration of LL-37 in a pulmonary Pseudomonas
aeruginosa infection model.
I demonstrated that cathelicidin protein and transcription shows a cyclical pattern of
expression in female reproductive tissues which is maintained at high levels in decidua. LL-
37 protein was also detected in hTERT endometrial epithelial cells but despite the suggestion
that cathelicidin may be regulated by steroid hormones there was no direct effect of
progesterone on transcription. LL-37 is barely detected in healthy airways however is well
known to increase during infection or inflammation. I observed that sputum from patients
with bronchiectasis showed a correlation between the level of LL-37, TNF, MPO and chronic
colonisation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Patients with lung cancer expressed much less LL-
37 than the bronchiectasis patients but there was a trend towards increased production postsurgery
compared to pre-surgery.
LL-37 was previously shown by our lab to selectively promote BAX and caspase-dependant
death of infected epithelial cells. I went on to show that this appears to be a partially caspase-
1 dependent mechanism and that human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and A549 cell lines
both express several of the components required to form inflammasomes, a caspase-1
dependant form of inflammatory cell death.
Finally, I showed using murine models that cathelicidin enhances bacterial clearance during
pulmonary infection in vivo, a response which is defective in mice lacking endogenous
cathelicidin and that administration of exogenous, synthetic LL-37 at the time of infection
can promote an early protective neutrophil influx in the absence of endogenous cathelicidin
production
Public International Law: Environmental Law
Noteworthy international activity relating to the environment occurred in a wide variety of fora in 2000. This chapter provides brief updates on some of the most significant developments. Though by no means a comprehensive review, the chapter reflects the wide sweep of issues and large number of entities now involved in the development of international environmental law, at the start of this new century. It also reflects how critical and complex this international work is, and how much remains to be done