Synthesis, characterization and biological studies on Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes derived from 4-(2-amino ethyl) benzene-1,2-diol and 1,4 benzoquinone

A novel Schiff base ligand (L) has been synthesized using 4-(2-amino ethyl) benzene-1,2-diol (Dopamine) and 1,4 benzoquinone. Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with this hexadentate ligand have been synthesized with metal:ligand (1:1) stoichiometry. The Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and electronic spectra, ESR, NMR, Mass spectra, powder X-ray diffraction and SEM studies. Molar conductance showed that all complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. The Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) complexes are found to be octahedral and distorted octahedral structure for Cu(II) complex. Powder X-ray diffraction reveals that Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes are nano-crystalline in nature but Co(II) complex is amorphous. Different morphologies of synthesized compounds are identified by SEM images. Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes were screened against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and one fungus strain. The data show that the ligand and its metal complexes have significant activity. Copper(II) complex shows better activity than other complexes. The Schiff base ligand and its copper(II) complex are evaluated for the anti-inflammatory by HRBC membrane stabilization method. The anti-cancer activity of Schiff base ligand and its copper complex was also studied against human breast cancer cell line by MTT assay method. The anti-diabetic activity of Schiff base ligand and its copper(II) complex is also studied by alpha-amylase method

Synthesis, characterization and biological studies on Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes derived from 4-(2-amino ethyl) benzene-1,2-diol and 1,4 benzoquinone

26-36A novel Schiff base ligand (L) has been synthesized using 4-(2-amino ethyl) benzene-1,2-diol (Dopamine) and 1,4 benzoquinone. Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with this hexadentate ligand have been synthesized with metal:ligand (1:1) stoichiometry. The Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and electronic spectra, ESR, NMR, Mass spectra, powder X-ray diffraction and SEM studies. Molar conductance showed that all complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. The Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) complexes are found to be octahedral and distorted octahedral structure for Cu(II) complex. Powder X-ray diffraction reveals that Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes are nano-crystalline in nature but Co(II) complex is amorphous. Different morphologies of synthesized compounds are identified by SEM images. Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes were screened against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and one fungus strain. The data show that the ligand and its metal complexes have significant activity. Copper(II) complex shows better activity than other complexes. The Schiff base ligand and its copper(II) complex are evaluated for the anti-inflammatory by HRBC membrane stabilization method. The anti-cancer activity of Schiff base ligand and its copper complex was also studied against human breast cancer cell line by MTT assay method. The anti-diabetic activity of Schiff base ligand and its copper(II) complex is also studied by alpha-amylase method

Synthesis, characterization, biological activities of Schiff base metal(II) complexes derived from 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 3-aminoquinoline

1427-1436A new Schiff base ligand (E)-2,6-dimethoxy-4-((quinolin-3-ylimino)methyl)phenol (HL) and its Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic (UV-visible, IR, NMR and mass), SEM and magnetic susceptibility measurement. The ligand (HL) have been synthesized by condensation of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 3-aminoquinoline. Based on electronic spectral data and magnetic susceptibility measurement the tetrahedral geometry is proposed for all the complexes. The ligand and metal complexes are screened for their antimicrobial activities against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and antifungal activity against the fungi (Candida albicans). Further, the ligand and its Cu(II) complex are also screened for anticancer activity on human breast (MCF7) cancer cell lines by the MTT assay method. Interestingly, Cu(II) complex shows better anticancer activity than the free Schiff base ligand. The in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of the ligand and Cu(II) complex are studied. The Cu(II) complex show higher inhibition activity than that of the free ligand

Tube-assisted Minimally Invasive versus Open Posterior Decompression for Multilevel Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Prospective Comparative Study

Objective There have been several reports of minimally invasive decompression for cervical canal stenosis and degenerative myelopathy. Most of these reports are for less than 4 levels and there have not been any comparative studies between Open and MIS cervical decompression for multilevel (≥4) degenerative cervical myelopathy. Methods Twenty consecutive patients were allotted to undergo either ‘Open’ cervical laminectomy (n=10) or MIS posterior cervical decompression (n=10). All patients were evaluated for 1. Clinical, (JOA, MDI, NDI, Nurick grade, Blood loss, Duration of surgery); 2. Radiological (CSA of dural sac and Spinal cord, Muscle edema on post-op T2W MRI); 3. Laboratory (TLC, CRP, ESR, CPK) and 4. Physical (Isometric neck extensor muscle strength). Differences between Open and MIS groups were calculated with respect to above parameters. Results The mean number of levels decompressed was 4.4 (range, 4–6). MIS group had significantly longer duration of surgery and lesser blood loss as compared to open group. The patients in open group were more disabled than MIS group pre-operatively, as evidenced by higher MDI and NDI. However, proportionate improvements were seen in both groups post-operatively in terms of all clinical parameters. Postoperative increase in CSA of spinal cord was also identical in both groups. Elevations in CRP and ESR were significantly higher in Open group post-operatively as compared to MIS group. Post-operative extensor neck muscle strength improved to a higher extent in MIS group as compared to open group though this was not statistically significant. No patient had any major post-operative complications. Conclusion MIS posterior cervical decompression is safe and effective, can achieve similar extent of decompression and degree of clinical improvement as compared to open surgery. MIS has definite advantages of lesser blood loss, reduced tissue injury and better improvement in post-operative neck muscle strength as compared to open surgery

Contribution of infection and vaccination to population-level seroprevalence through two COVID waves in Tamil Nadu, India.

This study employs repeated, large panels of serological surveys to document rapid and substantial waning of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at the population level and to calculate the extent to which infection and vaccination separately contribute to seroprevalence estimates. Four rounds of serological surveys were conducted, spanning two COVID waves (October 2020 and April-May 2021), in Tamil Nadu (population 72 million) state in India. Each round included representative populations in each district of the state, totaling ≥ 20,000 persons per round. State-level seroprevalence was 31.5% in round 1 (October-November 2020), after India's first COVID wave. Seroprevalence fell to 22.9% in round 2 (April 2021), a roughly one-third decline in 6 months, consistent with dramatic waning of SARS-Cov-2 antibodies from natural infection. Seroprevalence rose to 67.1% by round 3 (June-July 2021), with infections from the Delta-variant induced second COVID wave accounting for 74% of the increase. Seroprevalence rose to 93.1% by round 4 (December 2021-January 2022), with vaccinations accounting for 63% of the increase. Antibodies also appear to wane after vaccination. Seroprevalence in urban areas was higher than in rural areas, but the gap shrunk over time (35.7 v. 25.7% in round 1, 89.8% v. 91.4% in round 4) as the epidemic spread even in low-density rural areas

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer studies of Schiff Base metal(II) complexes derived from 4-hydroxy-3,5 dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 3-aminoquinoline

The new Schiff base ligand (E)-2,6-dimethoxy-4-((quinolin-3-ylimino)methyl )phenol (HL) and its Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic (UV-vis, IR, NMR), SEM, Mass and magnetic susceptibility measurement. The ligand (HL) was synthesized by condensation of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 3-aminoquinoline. On the basis of electronic spectral data and magnetic susceptibility measurement the tetrahedral geometry has been proposed for all the complexes. The ligand and metal complexes have been screened for their antimicrobial activities against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and antifungal activity against the fungi (Candida albicans). Further the ligand and its Cu(II) complex was also screened for anticancer activity on human cancer cell lines such as breast (MCF7) by MTT assay method . Interestingly, Cu(II) complex shows better anticancer activity than the free schiffbase ligand . The in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of the ligand and Cu(II) complex were studied. The Cu(II) complex show higher inhibition activity than that of the free ligand

Analysis of security issues in wireless body area networks in heterogeneous networks

Body Area Network (BAN) is one of the most important techniques for observing patient health in real time and identifying and analyzing diseases. For effective implementation of this technology in practice and to benefit from it, there are some key issues which are to be addressed, and among those issues, security is highly critical. WBAN will have to operate in a cooperative networking model of multiple networks such as those of homogeneous networks, for the purpose of performance and reliability, or those of heterogeneous networks, for the purpose of data transfer and processing from application point of view, with the other networks such as the networks of hospitals, clinics, medical experts, etc. and the patient himself/herself, who may be moving from one network to another. This paper brings out the issues related to security in WBAN in separate networks as well as in multiple networks. For WBAN working in a separate network, the IEEE 802.15.6 standard is considered. For WBANs working in multiple networks, especially heterogeneous networks, the security issues are considered. Considering the advancements of artificial intelligence (AI), the paper describes how AI is addressing some challenges faced by WBAN. The paper describes possible approaches which can be taken to address these issues by modeling a security mechanism using various artificial intelligence techniques. The paper proposes game theory with Stackelberg security equilibrium (GTSSE) for modeling security in heterogeneous networks in WBAN and describes the experiments conducted by the authors and the results proving the suitability of the modeling using GTSSE

Prolonged Survival of NUT Midline Carcinoma and Current Approaches to Treatment.

NUT midline carcinoma is a rare malignancy most commonly seen in adolescents and young adults. The disease presents most often in the lung or head and neck area but can be seen occasionally elsewhere. The diagnosis can be difficult and requires a high degree of suspicion with demonstration of the classic fusion rearrangement mutation of the NUTM1 gene with one of a variety of partners by immunohistochemistry, fluorescent in situ hybridization, or genomic analysis. Survival is usually only a number of months with few long-term survivors. Here we report one of the longest-known survivors of this disease treated with surgery and radiation without additional therapy. Systemic treatment approaches including the use of chemotherapy and BET and histone deacetylase inhibitors have yielded modest results. Further studies of these, as well as p300 and CDK9 inhibitors and combinations of BET inhibitors with chemotherapy or CDK 4/6 inhibitors, are being evaluated. Recent reports suggest there may be a role for immune checkpoint inhibitors, even in the absence of high tumor mutation burden or PD-L1 positivity. RNA sequencing of this patient\u27s tumor demonstrated overexpression of multiple potentially targetable genes. Given the altered transcription that results from the causative mutation multi-omic evaluation of these tumors may uncover druggable targets for treatment

Non-Faradaic Current Suppression in DNA Based Electrochemical Assays with a Differential Potentiostat

One of the key factors limiting sensitivity in many electrochemical assays is the non-faradaic or capacitive current. This is particularly true in modern assay systems based on DNA monolayers at gold electrode surfaces, which have shown great promise for bioanalysis in complex milieu such as whole blood or serum. While various changes in analytical parameters, redox reporter molecules, DNA structures, probe coverage, and electrode surface area have been shown useful, background reduction by hardware subtraction has not yet been explored for these assays. Here, we introduce new electrochemistry hardware that considerably suppresses non-faradaic currents through real-time analog subtraction during current-to-voltage conversion in the potentiostat. This differential potentiostat (DiffStat) configuration is shown to suppress or remove capacitance currents in chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry, and square-wave voltammetry measurements applied to nucleic acid hybridization assays at the electrode surface. The DiffStat makes larger electrodes and higher sensitivity settings accessible to the user, providing order-of-magnitude improvements in sensitivity, and it also significantly simplifies data processing to extract faradaic currents in square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Since two working electrodes are used for differential measurements, unique arrangements are introduced such as converting signal-OFF assays to signal-ON assays, or background drift correction in 50 % human serum. Overall, this new potentiostat design should be helpful not only in improving the sensitivity of most electrochemical assays, but it should also better support adaptation of assays to the point-of-care by circumventing complex data processing