Un dinosaurio en la sacristía: las federaciones de sacerdotes casados, la pedofilia, y la homosexualidad entre el clero de la Iglesia Católica Romana, problemas institucionales de graves consecuencias públicas

Este ensaio introdutório oferece uma curta discussão de um estudo realizado da projeção da história e sociologia de religião.  O estudo está influenciado pelos comentários e sugestões de colegas e amigos.  Ele comunica a projeção e direção do projeto. This introductory text offers a short discussion of a study realized in terms of the history and sociology of religion.  The study is influenced by the commentaries and suggestions of colleagues and friends.  It communicates the projection and direction of the ProjectEste ensayo introductorio aquí presentado constituye un adelanto del estudio realizado en el proyecto de historia y sociología de la religión.  Este adelanto está sujeto a comentarios y sugerencias de colegas y amigos.  Él comunica la proyección y dirección del proyecto.

Teologia da Libertação Latino-Americana: Camilo Torres

Despite the importance of the church as a social factor that operates in the dynamics of Latin American societies, it has been little studied by our historians and social scientists. The purpose of this essay (part of a study of these developments in the 1960s) is to examine the context in which the ideas of the revolutionary priest Camilo Torres Restrepo emerge, to analyze his theory and theology of the revolution to understand its continental consequences, and examine some of the questions posed by this phenomenon to the history and sociology of religion.A pesar de la importancia de la Iglesia como factor social que opera en la dinámica de las sociedades de AméricaLatina, ha sido poco estudiada por nuestros historiadores y científicos sociales. El propósito de este ensayo (que esparte de un estudio sobre estos desarrollos en la década de 1960) es examinar el contexto en que se dan las ideas delsacerdote revolucionario Camilo Torres Restrepo, analizar su teoría y su teología de la revolución para entender susconsecuencias continentales, y examinar algunas de las preguntas que plantea este fenómeno a la historia y la sociología de la re religión.Apesar da importância da igreja como fator social que opera na dinâmica das sociedades da América Latina, esta tem sido pouco estudada por nossos historiadores e cientistas sociais. O propósito deste ensaio (parte de um estudo sobre estes desenvolvimentos na década de 1960) é o de examinar o contexto em que afloram as ideias do sacerdote revolucionário Camilo Torres Restrepo, analisar sua teoria e sua teologia da revolução para entender suas consequências continentais, e examinar algumas das perguntas propostas por esse fenômeno à história e à sociologia da religião

Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older. Methods Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health. Findings Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4-3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13-6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8-9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1. 0-1. 7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7-1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6-1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2-33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3-22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0-0.8) standard drinks per week. Interpretation Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.

BACKGROUND: Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2·9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2·9-3·0) for men and 3·5 years (3·4-3·7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0·85 years (0·78-0·92) and 1·2 years (1·1-1·3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. INTERPRETATION: Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Teología de la liberación latinoamericana: Camilo Torres

Samuel Silva Gotay (1935), sociólogo puertorriqueño, profesor de Sociología y Cultura en la Universidad de Puerto Rico; miembro del Centro de Estudios del Caribe en la misma Universidad. Tiene varios trabajos sobre las relaciones de la Iglesia con la sociedad Latinoamericana. Entre ellos se cuenta el titulado El Apóstol y la Iglesia y la pobreza en Puerto Rico: Una interpretación histórico-social. Conoce, ampliamente, la discutida Teología de la Liberación que surge en Latinoamérica, a partir de la reunión del Celam en Medellín, Colombia. Publica una Bibliografía mínima de la Teología de la Liberación. Ingresa al Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la UNAM donde prepara y presenta la tesis de doctorado en 1977 que titula El desarrollo del pensamiento Cristiano marxista de la Iglesia Católica Latinoamericana de 1960 en adelante. Como miembro del Seminario de Historia de las Ideas en Latinoamérica del citado Centro de Estudios, publica en 1972 en el Anuario Latinoamérica, que es órgano del Centro el trabajo que llevó el título de Teoría de la Revolución de Camilo Torres: su contexto y sus consecuencias continentales, que aquí publicamos en su casi totalidad. Al terminar sus estudios, y para preparar la tesis citada, Silva Gotay recorre la totalidad de los países Latinoamericanos estudiando todas las expresiones de esa teología, o teoría de liberación latinoamericana

As federações de sacerdotes casados, pedefolia e la homossexualidae entre o clerico e a Igreja Católica Romana, problemas institucionais com consequencias graves públicas

This introductory text offers a short discussion of a study realized in terms of the history and sociology of religion.  The study is influenced by the commentaries and suggestions of colleagues and friends.  It communicates the projection and direction of the ProjectEste ensaio introdutório oferece uma curta discussão de um estudo realizado da projeção da história e sociologia de religião.  O estudo está influenciado pelos comentários e sugestões de colegas e amigos.  Ele comunica a projeção e direção do projeto. Este ensayo introductorio aquí presentado constituye un adelanto del estudio realizado en el proyecto de historia y sociología de la religión.  Este adelanto está sujeto a comentarios y sugerencias de colegas y amigos.  Él comunica la proyección y dirección del proyecto.