Preventing TMTO attack in AES-CCMP in IEEE 802.11i

This study is conducted to establish an alternative, creative technique for the structure of Advanced Encryption Standard-Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (AES-CCMP) key in IEEE 802.11i. the structure of proposed method increase the length of AES-CCMP key from 128 bits to 256 bits to eliminate Time-Memory Trade-Off (TMTO) attacks by using three proposed solutions including Random Nonce Key, Four Way Handshake alteration and Pseudo Random Function (PRF). Besides, two proposed and classic methods are compared in terms of TMTO attack probability, avalanche effect, changes in neighbor blocks, memory usage and execution time. According to the results, the proposed method is completely resistant to TMTO attack. In addition, avalanche effect and change in neighbor blocks of proposed method are so near to optimized state and also, two classic and proposed methods are approximately the same in case of memory usage and execution time

Associated factors of birth weight outcomes in the south of Iran: A cross-sectional survey

Background: Adverse birth outcomes are serious health problems that increase morbidity and mortality in neonates. Socioeconomic inequities are linked with Low Birth Weight (LBW) and High Birth Weight (HBW); however, the associations of these factors differ in various groups. The present survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of LBW and HBW and also to determine the associated demographic and socioeconomic factors. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted on 6495 children, aged 0-2 years, selected through cluster and multistage sampling methods in 30 cities of Fars province, Iran, from December 2012 to January 2013. Determinants were assessed using a questionnaires including demographic, health parameters, and socioeconomic variables. Also, birth weights were recorded from health report cards. We examined the association between probable factors related to LBW and HBW, and analyzed the data using multinomial regression model. Results: Among the study population, 636 (9.7%) were LBW and the rate of HBW was estimated to be 152 (2.3%). In multinomial regression, the odds ratio of LBW was significantly higher in girls (OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.17-1.63), and the first (OR=1.7, 95%CI=1.25-2.31) and the second born child (OR=1.4, 95%CI=1.06-2.02); this ratio was lower in families with the father as the head of the family (OR=0.31, 95%CI=0.13-0.68) or mother (OR=0.43, 95%CI=0.11-1.64), and children from low populated families (OR=0.54, 95%CI=0.42-0.68). Moreover, the lower maternal education (OR=2.52, 95%CI=1.36-4.70) was significantly associated with increased HBW; however, girls (OR=0.56, 95%CI=0.39-0.79), low populated families (OR=0.60, 95%CI=0.37-0.96), and fathers as family head (OR=0.19, 95%CI=0.05-0.71) lowered the odds of HBW. Conclusion: LBW was identified at a relatively high level. The prevention of adverse birth outcomes may be applicable by targeting demographic and social determinants like gender, birth order, family size, mother’s education, and family head as predictors of birth weight in public health interventions

Using finite volume method for simulating the natural convective heat transfer of nano-fluid flow inside an inclined enclosure with conductive walls in the presence of a constant temperature heat source

In the present work, natural convective heat transfer of water/Al2O3 nano-fluid in an inclined square enclosure is investigated. The side walls of the cavity are cold and the upper and lower ones are insulated. A wall with a thermal-conductivity of 100 and a thickness of 0.5 is located on the cold walls. Moreover, there is a constant temperature heat source in the center of the enclosure. The enclosure is located under the influence of an inclined magnetic field (MF). The governing equations were solved using the finite volume method (FVM) and solved using the SIMPLE algorithm. The results show that the heat transfer rate intensifies up to 3.11 times with intensifying the Rayleigh number (Ra). The maximum heat transfer occurred at weak magnetic fields. By augmenting the angle of the enclosure, the heat transfer rate on the right and left walls intensifies by 33% and declines by 55%, respectively. The heat transfer rate on the right wall intensifies by 14% by augmenting the angle of the MF. The addition of nano-additives also results in intensification in the heat transfer rate

Visualizing alpha-synuclein and iron deposition in M83 mouse model of Parkinson's disease in vivo

BACKGROUND Abnormal alpha-synuclein and iron accumulation in the brain play an important role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Herein, we aim at visualizing alpha-synuclein inclusions and iron deposition in the brains of M83 (A53T) mouse models of PD in vivo . METHODS Fluorescently labelled pyrimidoindole-derivative THK-565 was characterized by using recombinant fibrils and brains from 10-11 months old M83 mice, which subsequently underwent in vivo concurrent wide-field fluorescence and volumetric multispectral optoacoustic tomography (vMSOT) imaging. The in vivo results were verified against structural and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 9.4 Tesla and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) of perfused brains. Brain slice immunofluorescence and Prussian blue staining were further performed to validate the detection of alpha-synuclein inclusions and iron deposition in the brain, respectively. RESULTS THK-565 showed increased fluorescence upon binding to recombinant alpha-synuclein fibrils and alpha-synuclein inclusions in post-mortem brain slices from patients with Parkinson's disease and M83 mice. i.v. administration of THK-565 in M83 mice showed higher cerebral retention at 20 and 40 minutes post-injection by wide-field fluorescence compared to non-transgenic littermate mice, in congruence with the vMSOT findings. SWI/phase images and Prussian blue indicated the accumulation of iron deposits in the brains of M83 mice, presumably in the Fe $^{3+}$ form, as evinced by the STXM results. CONCLUSION We demonstrated in vivo mapping of alpha-synuclein by means of non-invasive epifluorescence and vMSOT imaging assisted with a targeted THK-565 label and SWI/STXM identification of iron deposits in M83 mouse brains ex vivo

Decoding Clinical Biomarker Space of COVID-19: Exploring Matrix Factorization-based Feature Selection Methods

One of the most critical challenges in managing complex diseases like COVID-19 is to establish an intelligent triage system that can optimize the clinical decision-making at the time of a global pandemic. The clinical presentation and patients’ characteristics are usually utilized to identify those patients who need more critical care. However, the clinical evidence shows an unmet need to determine more accurate and optimal clinical biomarkers to triage patients under a condition like the COVID-19 crisis. Here we have presented a machine learning approach to find a group of clinical indicators from the blood tests of a set of COVID-19 patients that are predictive of poor prognosis and morbidity. Our approach consists of two interconnected schemes: Feature Selection and Prognosis Classification. The former is based on different Matrix Factorization (MF)-based methods, and the latter is performed using Random Forest algorithm. Our model reveals that Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) O2 Saturation and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) are the most important clinical biomarkers determining the poor prognosis in these patients. Our approach paves the path of building quantitative and optimized clinical management systems for COVID-19 and similar diseases

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic

Evaluation of Spasticity Variations at the Elbow Joint of CVA Patients According to the Biomechanical Indices

Objective: The goal of the present study was to evaluate spasticity variations by increase the velocity of motion and MAS value in the elbow flexor and extensor muscles at extension and flexion of CVA patients elbow joint according to the biomechanical indices. Materials & Methods: Fifteen adult patients with a history of stroke and upper-extremity spasticity volunteered to participate in this study and fifteen healthy subjects were recruited in order to establish the control group. The degree of spasticity was evaluated for each patient using the MAS. CPM tests were imposed in elbow extension and flexion and the biomechanical indices were calculated at each of the following velocities: 15, 45, 75 and 120 º/s. Results: It seemed a regular increment of the viscoelastic and viscose stiffness indices by increasing the velocity of motion and the rate of MAS value in both extension and flexion in all test groups and also there was significant regular increment of elastic stiffness index by increasing the velocity in both extension and flexion between the control group and group 1 and also irregular increment between group1 and group 2 and 3 and also the effect of mentioned index was decreased at higher level of MAS. Conclusion: it seemed the more effect of elastic stiffness in spasticity in CVA patients at lower level of MAS and more effect of viscose stiffness in higher level of MAS and also results showed the increment of viscose stiffness by increment of speed of motion and the rate of MAS