Soil Heavy Metal Concentration Patterns at Two Speed Zones along the Gaborone-Tlokweng Border Post Highway, Southeast Botswana

Since 1988 Botswana has been experiencing an unprecedented increase in vehicular traffic which is suspected to be having contamination effects on soils along heavily used roads in the country. This study aimed at understanding the contamination trends of heavy metals on soils due to vehicular emissions. The soil physico-chemistry (bulk density, particle size distribution, pH, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity), mineralogy (using x-ray diffraction techniques) and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) concentrations were determined for soil samples obtained along the roadside at 2m, 4m, 6m and 100 m of the Gaborone - Tlokweng Emigration/Immigration Boarder Post Road, which is one of the busiest in the country. Bulk density of soil samples were from 1.19 to 1.4; and sand, loamy sand and sandy loam textural classes constituted the soil samples. The soil pH was from 5.09 to 8.57; the EC ranged from 6.27 \u3bcS cm-1to 20.3 27 \u3bcS cm-1 and the CEC values were from 10.2 meq100g-1 to 27.2 meq100g-1. Clay minerals were identified in the samples as well as feldspar and quartz. The concentration levels for Pb were from 0 mgkg-1 to 71 mgkg-1; Zn were from 5.23 mgkg-1 to 51.26 mgkg-1 ; Cu were from 0.3 mgkg-1 to 18.1 mgkg-1 and Cd 0 mgkg-1 to 2.4 mgkg-1 . The interplay of soil physico-chemistry and mineralogy on heavy metals concentrations is discussed. Although levels of heavy metals concentrations fell below normal ranges, the values obtained were generally higher than those from some developed and developing countries. @JASE

African Linguistics in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the Nordic Countries

Non peer reviewe

Language endangerment and language documentation in Africa

Non peer reviewe

Africa, an unintended collateral victim of Russia–Ukraine war: How will the war affect the continent’s fight against terrorism?

This paper examined security problems brought about  by  Russia –Ukraine war to Africa and contends that nations ( which are either military aid donors or harbour companies and firms that produce and export military equipment ) involved in the war for different reasons and different magnitudes at some point will focus solely on Ukraine, with military aid from donor countries involved in the war becoming limited consequently leaving Africa-a continent that relies heavily on aid faced with a serious security challenge especially in the wake of rising terrorism not only in the continent but globally. The paper inferred therefore that Africa is an unintended collateral victim of the Russia-Ukraine protracted war. The paper also used realism as its theoretical framework. References Adrian, F. (2017). Armed Men Attack Police Stations in Mocimboa da Praia – AIM Report’, Club of Mozambique, 5 October 2017, Available at: <https://clubofmozambique.com/news/armed-men-attack-police-stations-in-mocimboa-da-praia-aim-report/> (Accessed 21 October 2022). Barber, T. (2018). Ukraine Reaps Benefits of Trade Deal with EU, Financial Times, September 11, 2018. 122 EEAS, “Ukraine and the EU,” at https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/ukraine/1937/ukraine-and-eu_en. Behnassi, M (2019). in The Societies of the Middle East and North Africa: Structures, Vulnerabilities, and Forces (ed. Yom, S. L.) 207–234. Bellemare, M. F. (2015). Rising food prices, food price volatility, and social unrest. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(1), 1–21. Bourne Byjoel, K. (2022). War in Ukraine could plunge world into food shortages. National Geographic, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/war-in-ukraine-could-plunge-world-into-food-shortages  Crenshaw, M. (2011). The debate over ‘Old’ vs ‘New’ Terrorism. In: Coolsaet R (ed) Jihad Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American Experieces.2nd Edition. London: Ashgate. Cronin, A.K. (2002). Behind the Curve: Globalisation and International Terrorism. International Security,27(3),30-58. Dawoud, K.(2022) .The Russia-Ukraine war might finally bring about a rise in Egypt’s bread prices”, Middle East Institute, March 28, 2022, at https://www.mei.edu/publications/russia-ukraine-war-might-finally-bring-about-rise-egypts-bread-prices (Accessed November  30, 2022). Donnelly, J. (2000). Realism and International relations. USA: Cambridge University Press. Drezner, D. W. (2022). Can realism explain the war in Ukraine? The Washington Post, 3 March. Dunne, T., Kurki, M. & Smith, S. (2013). International Relations theories. Discipline and diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Efobi, U., & Asongu, S. A. (2016). Terrorism and Capital Flight from Africa. International Economics; Forthcoming. European Commission and European External Action Service (EEAS), Joint Staff Working Document: Association Implementation Report on Ukraine, December 12, 2019, p. 16.  European Commission (2020). The EU’s Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic in the Eastern Partnership. FAO (2022). New scenarios on global food security based on Russia-Ukraine conflict. Fix, L. & Kimmage, M. (2022). Putin’s Last Stand: The Promise and Peril of Russian Defeat. Foreign Affairs. Götz, E. (2016). Neorealism and Russia’s Ukraine Policy, 1991-Present. Contemporary Politics 22 (3): 301–23. Jackson, R. & Sorensen, G. (2003). Introduction to international relations: theories and approaches. New York: Oxford University Press. Jibladze, K. (2007). Russia’s Opposition to Georgia’s Quest for NATO Membership. China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 5: 45–51. Klomegah, K. (2019). Angola plans manufacturing Russian military equipment”, available at: https://www.sdgsforall.net/index.php/goal-16/979-angola-plans-manufacturing-russian-military-equipment (accessed 30 November 2022). Kuzio, T. (2009). Strident, Ambiguous and Duplicitous: Ukraine and the 2008 Russia-Georgia War. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 17 (4): 350. Latham, A. (2022). How the Ukraine war vindicates realism? Matisek, J. (2020). International Competition to Provide Security Force Assistance in Africa: Civil-Military Relations Matter, PRISM Vol. 9, No. 1 Mearsheimer, J.J. (2014). Why the Ukraine Crisis is the West’fault. Foreign Affairs 93 (5): 77-89. Moyo, D. (2009). Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Noack, R. & Westfall, S., (2022). In move to sanction Russia, Switzerland breaks from long tradition. The Washington Post, 28 February. Onuoha, F.C. (2010). The Islamist challenge: Nigeria’s Boko Haram Crisis Explained. African Security Review, 19:2 54–67. Vyas, U. (2006). Soft Power in International Relations: Japan\u27s State, Sub-state and Non-State Relations with China (Volume 1). Walker, P. (2022.). Putin will be held responsible for war crimes at ICC, says Sajid Javid. The Guardian, 14 March. Walt, M. S., (2022). An International Relations Theory Guide to the War in Ukraine. Foreign Policy

Shifting Global Power: A Comparative Analysis of Soft Power in the US and China

his article uses soft power, a country\u27s capacity to influence others by attraction as opposed to coercion, to examine how the dynamics of global power are changing. China\u27s strategic use of soft power shows it is making substantial progress towards becoming another superpower, perhaps pushing the international order towards a bipolar system, even while the United States remains the only hegemon in the existing unipolar world order. China\u27s ability to cultivate a more appealing image on the international scene is credited with its success. This is made possible by its recently acquired economic prosperity, which enables large-scale investments in international aid and infrastructure projects funded by programmes like the Belt and Road Initiative. Furthermore, China tends to present a more "friendly" foreign policy than the US, emphasising economic alliances rather than intervening militarily. On the other hand, the US seems to be losing ground as the only superpower. Its reputation has been damaged by a number of foreign policy choices, which have also undermined confidence among allies and the global community. Accusations of vaccine hoarding, the perceived shortcomings of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement, and a perceived deficiency in leadership during the COVID-19 epidemic are a few of them. Due to these acts, the US is now a less desirable partner on the international scene, which could reduce its soft power and influence. References Anand, A. (2022). Repression of Uyghur Muslims and the Freedom of Religious Beliefs in China. Journal of Social Inclusion Studies, 8(1), 23-36 Asif, M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social Media Marketing Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of its Adoption and Impact on Business Performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67-77. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic impacts of post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56-65. Bilgin, P. & Berivan, E. (2008). Hard Power, Soft Power: Toward a More Realistic Power Analysis, Insight Turkey, 10, 5-20 Moolakkattu, J. S. (2009). Robert W. Cox and critical theory of international relations. International Studies, 46(4), 439-456. Fliegel, M. (2020) An Analysis of China’s Soft Power in Northeast Asia unpublished doctoral Thesis Fliegel, M. & Kříž, Z. (2020). ‘Beijing-style Soft Power: A Different Conceptualization to the American Coinage’, China Report, SAGE Publications, Vol. 56, No. 1, p. 1-18. Fergusson, N. (2003). ‘Think Again: Power’, Foreign Policy Magazine, 1 January, http://foreignpolicy.com/2003/01/01/think-again-power/ Gallarotti, G. (2010). Cosmopolitan Power in International Relations: A Synthesis of Realism, Neoliberalism, and Constructivism. Jacobs, J. B. (2006). One China, diplomatic isolation and a separate Taiwan. In E. Friedman (Ed.), China\u27s Rise, Taiwan\u27s Dilemmas and International Peace (1 ed., pp. 85 - 109). Routledge Kearn, D. (2011). The Hard Truths about Soft Power. Journal of Political Power. 4. 10. Lukes, S. (2005). Power: A Radical View. 10.2307/2065624. Nair, A.M. (2023). UAE joins BRICS-backed NDB as it expands global membership, GCC Business News, September 2, 2021, available at https://www.gccbusinessnews.com/uae-joins-brics-backed-ndb-as-it-expands-global-membership/ accessed on July 6, 2023 Gallarotti, G. (2011). Soft Power: What it is, Why it’s Important, and the Conditions Under Which It Can Be Effectively Used. Division II Faculty Publications. Guo, E., & Jee, C. (2020). How the US, UK and China are planning to roll out vaccines. MIT Technology Review. Lawler, D. (2020). Vaccine initiative now covers almost entire world, but not US or Russia. Axios, October, 13. Liang, W. (2012). China’s Soft power in Africa: Is Economic Power Sufficient. Asian Perspective, 36(4): 667-692. Mattern, J.B. (2005). Why `Soft Power\u27 Isn\u27t So Soft: Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politics. Millennium-journal of International Studies, 33. 583-612. McGiffert, C. (Ed.). (2009). Chinese soft power and its implications for the United States: competition and cooperation in the developing world: a report of the CSIS smart power initiative. Csis. Nagl, J. A. (2022). The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters Why America’s Army Can’t Win America’s Wars. Nye, J. S. (2023). Soft Power and American Foreign Policy. In Soft Power and Great-Power Competition: Shifting Sands in the Balance of Power Between the United States and China (pp. 47-62). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. Nye, J. (2011). The Future of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2011). С. XV. Nye Jr, J. S. (2015). Is the American century over?. Political Science Quarterly, 130(3), 393-400. Nye Jr, J. S. (2014). Obama the Pragmatist,” Project Syndicate, June 10, 2014, https://www.pro ject-syndicate.org/commentary/joseph-s--nye-defends-obama-s-approach-to-foreign-policy-against-critics-calling-for-a-more-muscular-approach. Nye, J. S. (1990). Bound to lead: the changing nature of American power. Basic books. Office of the Historian, 2014. ‘The Gulf War, 1991’, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State, Retrieved from: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/gulf-war Ozili, P. K. (2024). Causes and consequences of the 2023 banking crisis. In Governance and Policy Transformations in Central Banking (pp. 84-98). IGI Global. Silver, L., Huang, C., Clancy, L., & Fagan, M. (2023). Americans Are Critical of China’s Global Role–as Well as Its Relationship With Russia. Pew Research Center, 12. Seymour, M. (2020). The problem with soft power. Stevenson, R. (2003). New Threats and Opportunities Redefine US Interests in Africa. New York Times, 7. Vyas, U. (2006). Soft power in international relations: Japan\u27s state, sub-state and non-state relations with China (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield). Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics (Vol. 67). Cambridge university press. Wilson III, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. The annals of the American academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110-124. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716207312618 Wong, C. (2011). The fiscal stimulus programme and public governance issues in China. OECD Journal on Budgeting, 11(3), 1-22. Yenigun, C. (2022). From Soft Power to Hard Power: China in the Arabian Gulf. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 6(2), 2298-2318

Shifting Global Power: A Comparative Analysis of Soft Power in the US and China

his article uses soft power, a country\u27s capacity to influence others by attraction as opposed to coercion, to examine how the dynamics of global power are changing. China\u27s strategic use of soft power shows it is making substantial progress towards becoming another superpower, perhaps pushing the international order towards a bipolar system, even while the United States remains the only hegemon in the existing unipolar world order. China\u27s ability to cultivate a more appealing image on the international scene is credited with its success. This is made possible by its recently acquired economic prosperity, which enables large-scale investments in international aid and infrastructure projects funded by programmes like the Belt and Road Initiative. Furthermore, China tends to present a more "friendly" foreign policy than the US, emphasising economic alliances rather than intervening militarily. On the other hand, the US seems to be losing ground as the only superpower. Its reputation has been damaged by a number of foreign policy choices, which have also undermined confidence among allies and the global community. Accusations of vaccine hoarding, the perceived shortcomings of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement, and a perceived deficiency in leadership during the COVID-19 epidemic are a few of them. Due to these acts, the US is now a less desirable partner on the international scene, which could reduce its soft power and influence. References Anand, A. (2022). Repression of Uyghur Muslims and the Freedom of Religious Beliefs in China. Journal of Social Inclusion Studies, 8(1), 23-36 Asif, M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social Media Marketing Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of its Adoption and Impact on Business Performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67-77. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic impacts of post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56-65. Bilgin, P. & Berivan, E. (2008). Hard Power, Soft Power: Toward a More Realistic Power Analysis, Insight Turkey, 10, 5-20 Moolakkattu, J. S. (2009). Robert W. Cox and critical theory of international relations. International Studies, 46(4), 439-456. Fliegel, M. (2020) An Analysis of China’s Soft Power in Northeast Asia unpublished doctoral Thesis Fliegel, M. & Kříž, Z. (2020). ‘Beijing-style Soft Power: A Different Conceptualization to the American Coinage’, China Report, SAGE Publications, Vol. 56, No. 1, p. 1-18. Fergusson, N. (2003). ‘Think Again: Power’, Foreign Policy Magazine, 1 January, http://foreignpolicy.com/2003/01/01/think-again-power/ Gallarotti, G. (2010). Cosmopolitan Power in International Relations: A Synthesis of Realism, Neoliberalism, and Constructivism. Jacobs, J. B. (2006). One China, diplomatic isolation and a separate Taiwan. In E. Friedman (Ed.), China\u27s Rise, Taiwan\u27s Dilemmas and International Peace (1 ed., pp. 85 - 109). Routledge Kearn, D. (2011). The Hard Truths about Soft Power. Journal of Political Power. 4. 10. Lukes, S. (2005). Power: A Radical View. 10.2307/2065624. Nair, A.M. (2023). UAE joins BRICS-backed NDB as it expands global membership, GCC Business News, September 2, 2021, available at https://www.gccbusinessnews.com/uae-joins-brics-backed-ndb-as-it-expands-global-membership/ accessed on July 6, 2023 Gallarotti, G. (2011). Soft Power: What it is, Why it’s Important, and the Conditions Under Which It Can Be Effectively Used. Division II Faculty Publications. Guo, E., & Jee, C. (2020). How the US, UK and China are planning to roll out vaccines. MIT Technology Review. Lawler, D. (2020). Vaccine initiative now covers almost entire world, but not US or Russia. Axios, October, 13. Liang, W. (2012). China’s Soft power in Africa: Is Economic Power Sufficient. Asian Perspective, 36(4): 667-692. Mattern, J.B. (2005). Why `Soft Power\u27 Isn\u27t So Soft: Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politics. Millennium-journal of International Studies, 33. 583-612. McGiffert, C. (Ed.). (2009). Chinese soft power and its implications for the United States: competition and cooperation in the developing world: a report of the CSIS smart power initiative. Csis. Nagl, J. A. (2022). The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters Why America’s Army Can’t Win America’s Wars. Nye, J. S. (2023). Soft Power and American Foreign Policy. In Soft Power and Great-Power Competition: Shifting Sands in the Balance of Power Between the United States and China (pp. 47-62). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. Nye, J. (2011). The Future of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2011). С. XV. Nye Jr, J. S. (2015). Is the American century over?. Political Science Quarterly, 130(3), 393-400. Nye Jr, J. S. (2014). Obama the Pragmatist,” Project Syndicate, June 10, 2014, https://www.pro ject-syndicate.org/commentary/joseph-s--nye-defends-obama-s-approach-to-foreign-policy-against-critics-calling-for-a-more-muscular-approach. Nye, J. S. (1990). Bound to lead: the changing nature of American power. Basic books. Office of the Historian, 2014. ‘The Gulf War, 1991’, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State, Retrieved from: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/gulf-war Ozili, P. K. (2024). Causes and consequences of the 2023 banking crisis. In Governance and Policy Transformations in Central Banking (pp. 84-98). IGI Global. Silver, L., Huang, C., Clancy, L., & Fagan, M. (2023). Americans Are Critical of China’s Global Role–as Well as Its Relationship With Russia. Pew Research Center, 12. Seymour, M. (2020). The problem with soft power. Stevenson, R. (2003). New Threats and Opportunities Redefine US Interests in Africa. New York Times, 7. Vyas, U. (2006). Soft power in international relations: Japan\u27s state, sub-state and non-state relations with China (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield). Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics (Vol. 67). Cambridge university press. Wilson III, E. J. (2008). Hard power, soft power, smart power. The annals of the American academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 110-124. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716207312618 Wong, C. (2011). The fiscal stimulus programme and public governance issues in China. OECD Journal on Budgeting, 11(3), 1-22. Yenigun, C. (2022). From Soft Power to Hard Power: China in the Arabian Gulf. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 6(2), 2298-2318

Africa, an unintended collateral victim of Russia–Ukraine war: How will the war affect the continent’s fight against terrorism?

This paper examined security problems brought about  by  Russia –Ukraine war to Africa and contends that nations ( which are either military aid donors or harbour companies and firms that produce and export military equipment ) involved in the war for different reasons and different magnitudes at some point will focus solely on Ukraine, with military aid from donor countries involved in the war becoming limited consequently leaving Africa-a continent that relies heavily on aid faced with a serious security challenge especially in the wake of rising terrorism not only in the continent but globally. The paper inferred therefore that Africa is an unintended collateral victim of the Russia-Ukraine protracted war. The paper also used realism as its theoretical framework. References Adrian, F. (2017). Armed Men Attack Police Stations in Mocimboa da Praia – AIM Report’, Club of Mozambique, 5 October 2017, Available at: <https://clubofmozambique.com/news/armed-men-attack-police-stations-in-mocimboa-da-praia-aim-report/> (Accessed 21 October 2022). Barber, T. (2018). Ukraine Reaps Benefits of Trade Deal with EU, Financial Times, September 11, 2018. 122 EEAS, “Ukraine and the EU,” at https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/ukraine/1937/ukraine-and-eu_en. Behnassi, M (2019). in The Societies of the Middle East and North Africa: Structures, Vulnerabilities, and Forces (ed. Yom, S. L.) 207–234. Bellemare, M. F. (2015). Rising food prices, food price volatility, and social unrest. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 97(1), 1–21. Bourne Byjoel, K. (2022). War in Ukraine could plunge world into food shortages. National Geographic, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/war-in-ukraine-could-plunge-world-into-food-shortages  Crenshaw, M. (2011). The debate over ‘Old’ vs ‘New’ Terrorism. In: Coolsaet R (ed) Jihad Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American Experieces.2nd Edition. London: Ashgate. Cronin, A.K. (2002). Behind the Curve: Globalisation and International Terrorism. International Security,27(3),30-58. Dawoud, K.(2022) .The Russia-Ukraine war might finally bring about a rise in Egypt’s bread prices”, Middle East Institute, March 28, 2022, at https://www.mei.edu/publications/russia-ukraine-war-might-finally-bring-about-rise-egypts-bread-prices (Accessed November  30, 2022). Donnelly, J. (2000). Realism and International relations. USA: Cambridge University Press. Drezner, D. W. (2022). Can realism explain the war in Ukraine? The Washington Post, 3 March. Dunne, T., Kurki, M. & Smith, S. (2013). International Relations theories. Discipline and diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Efobi, U., & Asongu, S. A. (2016). Terrorism and Capital Flight from Africa. International Economics; Forthcoming. European Commission and European External Action Service (EEAS), Joint Staff Working Document: Association Implementation Report on Ukraine, December 12, 2019, p. 16.  European Commission (2020). The EU’s Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic in the Eastern Partnership. FAO (2022). New scenarios on global food security based on Russia-Ukraine conflict. Fix, L. & Kimmage, M. (2022). Putin’s Last Stand: The Promise and Peril of Russian Defeat. Foreign Affairs. Götz, E. (2016). Neorealism and Russia’s Ukraine Policy, 1991-Present. Contemporary Politics 22 (3): 301–23. Jackson, R. & Sorensen, G. (2003). Introduction to international relations: theories and approaches. New York: Oxford University Press. Jibladze, K. (2007). Russia’s Opposition to Georgia’s Quest for NATO Membership. China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 5: 45–51. Klomegah, K. (2019). Angola plans manufacturing Russian military equipment”, available at: https://www.sdgsforall.net/index.php/goal-16/979-angola-plans-manufacturing-russian-military-equipment (accessed 30 November 2022). Kuzio, T. (2009). Strident, Ambiguous and Duplicitous: Ukraine and the 2008 Russia-Georgia War. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 17 (4): 350. Latham, A. (2022). How the Ukraine war vindicates realism? Matisek, J. (2020). International Competition to Provide Security Force Assistance in Africa: Civil-Military Relations Matter, PRISM Vol. 9, No. 1 Mearsheimer, J.J. (2014). Why the Ukraine Crisis is the West’fault. Foreign Affairs 93 (5): 77-89. Moyo, D. (2009). Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Noack, R. & Westfall, S., (2022). In move to sanction Russia, Switzerland breaks from long tradition. The Washington Post, 28 February. Onuoha, F.C. (2010). The Islamist challenge: Nigeria’s Boko Haram Crisis Explained. African Security Review, 19:2 54–67. Vyas, U. (2006). Soft Power in International Relations: Japan\u27s State, Sub-state and Non-State Relations with China (Volume 1). Walker, P. (2022.). Putin will be held responsible for war crimes at ICC, says Sajid Javid. The Guardian, 14 March. Walt, M. S., (2022). An International Relations Theory Guide to the War in Ukraine. Foreign Policy

School retention in basic education : a rural ethnic minority case study in Botswana

In the light of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and efforts to promote Education for All by 2015, this study focuses upon the nature and causes of pupil retention problems in isolated rural ethnic minority communities in Botswana. The theoretical framework for this study is derived from a critical review of the international literature relating to ethnocentrism, education and social reproduction and postcolonialism. The empirical dimension of research consists of detailed case studies of four linked schools in the Ngamiland - North West District of Botswana. Fieldwork was carried out in these schools and their communities over a period of three months during 2007. This consisted of field observation, qualitative interviews including life history/narrative of personal experiences, and the s examination of documentary sources.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Determinants of youth entrepreneurial success in agribusiness sector : the case of Vhembe district municipality of South Africa

Youth agribusinesses’ entrepreneurial failures have led to unattractiveness, disinvestment, and low prioritization of youth agri-business in South Africa. This study aimed to uncover factors that may reduce youth agribusiness entrepreneurial failures. A concurrent mixed-method research design was used carried out the study objectives. The simple random sampling design was used to select 235 youth entrepreneurs in agriculture. The study revealed that perseverance (β = 0.121, p < 0.01), personal motivation (β = 0.100, p < 0.01), creativity (β = 0.099, p < 0.01, and positive attitude (β = 0.093, p < 0.01) were found to be key determinants that can enhance youth entrepreneurial success in Vhembe District Municipality. It concluded that capacity building around technical skills might be required to ensure that these entrepreneurs are efficient and effective in carrying out their entrepreneurial duties. The study recommended that youth need adequate resources and may need adequate exposure to commercial farming operations.The National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC)http://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/journal/oass20am2022Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM