Asimmetria e modernizzazione del federalismo in Europa: il caso della riforma dello Statuto catalano

Nell’estate 2006 è stato approvato il nuovo Statuto d’autonomia della Catalogna che si inserisce in una più generalizzata stagione di rivisitazione degli Statuti di autonomia nel sistema territoriale spagnolo. La riforma amplia notevolmente l’autonomia della Catalogna non solo e non tanto dal punto di vista delle competenze, ma soprattutto per ciò che riguarda il sistema finanziario, motore fondamentale di ogni tipo di decentramento politico. Uno sguardo in un’ottica comparatistica, sia pur limitatamente ai profili generali, alle più recenti esperienze europee ha aiutato a comprendere in maniera più complessiva il fenomeno del decentramento politico. Nel XXI secolo si assiste infatti ad una espansione del fenomeno federale che si impone diffusamente nei paesi di democrazia liberale, anche in quelli che sono sempre stati caratterizzati da una cultura centralista (si pensi al caso della Francia) . Da un lato, le radicali trasformazioni politiche e socio-economiche, legate soprattutto a fenomeni quale quello della globalizzazione e della integrazione europea, creano esigenze di riadattamento e quindi di riforma nella gran parte dei sistemi politici ; dall’altro, il riconoscimento dei diritti delle minoranze linguistiche, culturali ed etniche, il risveglio dei vecchi nazionalismi con richieste di maggiore autonomia se non addirittura autodeterminazione, pongono nuovi problemi nell’articolazione territoriale degli Stati e sempre più la necessità di trovare dei meccanismi per equilibrare le diversità esistenti nello Stato con l’unitarietà dello Stato stesso . Si delinea, pertanto, un tipo di Stato che si connota sempre più per un carattere spiccatamente “decentrato asimmetrico”, inteso nell’accezione di Stato unitario, federale o regionale in cui coesistono regimi di autonomia differenziati o speciali .Degni di nota sono gli esempi recentemente forniti dalla riforma del federalismo tedesco e quella che ha toccato il Titolo V della Costituzione italiana

L'adesione alla lega lombarda nel Registro Grosso del comune di Bologna: alcuni spunti di riflessione

La relazione indaga il ruolo e la partecipazione del comune di Bologna attraverso le testimonianze conservate nei libri iurium bolognesi, aggiornando alcuni dati del passato da ritenersi oramai superati

More than Information, other than Knowledge: the Nature of Archives in the Digital Era

The nature of archives has been defined over time according to the use made of them. The records of an archival fonds have been considered facts, acts, sources, evidences and, in more recent times, equated with information and even knowledge. This evolution is mostly linked to the use of digital technology for creating records and the consequent blurring of the boundaries among the various types of digital objects generated within electronic systems. This trend is undermining our ability to create records that are reliable and to maintain archives so that they can be proven authentic over the long term. It is therefore essential to re-establish a concept of archives based on the circumstances of its creation, to define the characteristics that distinguish records from any other digital entity, and to protect them in trusted recordkeeping system capable of ensuring that their nature will be altered intentionally or accidentally

AMS-02: Status and first results

The AMS experiment has been deployed onboard the International Space Station on 19 May 2011 to perform accurate measurements of the cosmic radiation. In this contribution we will briefly discuss the characteristics of the detector and present the first results: the precision measurement of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays (CR) in the energy range from 0.5 to 350 GeV

Review of Do Archives Have Value?

This book is about the value of archives in all of its connotations: value as evidence, memory, culture, source for a variety of practical purposes, and, most interestingly, value as means of financial gain for corporations. Each chapter emphasizes values in a variety of contexts: from Malawi, Australia, and the United Kingdom, to India, Hong Kong and Japan. In the process of discussing such values, several authors explain how archives came to be accumulated and preserved in their countries and how these processes have determined the value, as well as the worth, of their archives today. Though the chapters are rather uneven, the introduction contextualizes them well enough

The concept of record in experiential, interactive and dynamic environments: can the InterPARES project address the ultimate archival challenge?

This paper discusses the concept of electronic record as articulated and used in the context of the InterPARES Project, a multinational and multidisciplinary research project that aims at developing the theoretical and methodological knowledge essential to the long-term preservation of authentic records created and/or maintained in digital form. This knowledge should provide the basis from which to formulate model policies, strategies and standards capable of ensuring the longevity of such material and the ability of its users to trust its authenticity. InterPARES has developed in two phases, the first of which was concerned with electronic records created and/or maintained in databases and document management systems, and the second with electronic records existing in experiential, interactive and dynamic digital systems. The paper describes the characteristics, elements, attributes and components of electronic records and, doing so, itshows how the concept of record in the electronic environment is at the same time much more precise that in the traditional one, and in constant evolution

Je fais confiance à l'intelligence artificielle : Les enjeux, le projet, l'impact

The project aims to use AI to establish and maintain the trustworthiness of digital records. To this purpose it uses the concepts and methods of archival diplomatics and Deep Learning (DL), a subfield of machine learning and AI. DL is achieved by creating artificial neural networks in multiple layers that learn from input data through supervised learning. The objectives are to improve existing tools and create new machine learning tools for various records needs, using image recognition, optical character recognition, text summarization and classification, and more. The decision-making responsibilities are shared among academic and non-academic partners.Several studies are conducted to achieve the projects objectives objectives. One study aims to identify Private Personal Information (PPI) in records and link the labeling to diplomatics labeling. another study focuses on using DL to recognize the identity attributes of digitized parchments from medieval times through a tool called PERGANET. This tool could have a wide range of applications, including recognizing individual writing styles, analyzing archival annotations, and making AI datasets publicly available.Another study focuses on documenting the AI process, drawing on multiple fields, including social sciences, explainable AI, and archival studies. The goal is to answer questions regarding accountability and transparency in the use of AI and provide guidelines for creating and preserving records of AI processes and their outcomes.The I Trust AI project aims to combine the strengths of different fields and produce practical results that benefit society and address the challenges posed by the rapidly advancing field of AI, and DL in particular, ensuring its responsible and ethical use while realizing its potential benefits in various fields such as archives, cultural heritage, and governance.Le projet I Trust AI vise à utiliser l'IA et le deep learning pour garantir la fiabilité des archives numériques. Le projet combine les concepts et les méthodes de la diplomatie archivistique et du deep learning pour améliorer les outils d'apprentissage automatique existants et en créer de nouveaux pour répondre aux divers besoins archivistiques, tels que la reconnaissance d'images, la reconnaissance optique de caractères, la synthèse et la classification de texte. Le projet implique des partenaires académiques et non académiques qui partagent les responsabilités de prise de décision.Plusieurs études sont menées pour atteindre les objectifs du projet, telles que l'identification des informations personnelles privées (IPP) dans les archives et leur association à l'étiquetage diplomatique. Une autre étude se concentre sur l'utilisation du deep learning pour reconnaître les attributs d'identité des parchemins numérisés du Moyen Âge à l'aide de PERGANET. Cet outil a de nombreuses applications potentielles, telles que la reconnaissance des styles d'écriture individuels et l'analyse des annotations archivistiques.Le projet vise également à documenter le processus d'IA en s'appuyant sur les sciences sociales, l'IA explicative et les études archivistiques pour répondre aux questions de responsabilité et de transparence dans l'utilisation de l'IA et fournir des lignes directrices pour la création et la conservation d'archives des processus d'IA et de leurs résultats.Dans l'ensemble, le projet I Trust AI vise à produire des résultats pratiques bénéfiques pour la société et à relever les défis posés par le domaine en évolution rapide de l'IA, en particulier le deep learning. Le projet vise à garantir l'utilisation responsable et éthique de l'IA tout en réalisant ses avantages potentiels dans divers domaines tels que les archives, le patrimoine culturel et la gouvernance

Los orígenes del Studium de Medicina de Bolonia: un estado de la cuestión

This article deals with the birth of the Studium of Medicine in Bologna during the 13th century. The theme of the beginning of teaching in a context of spontaneous origin highlights the fluidity of the object of the research. Also through a comparative analysis; it is possible to follow the growing interest in teaching medicine before the birth of the universitas as an associative institution. In fact; some clues show the progressive stabilization of these teachings: their institutional consecration corresponded to the end of a process of affirmation and to the definitive recognition for students and teachers of medical and artistic disciplines as autonomous organizations.Este articulo trata sobre el nacimiento del Studium de Medicina de Bolonia durante el siglo XIII. El tema del comienzo de la enseñanza en un contexto de origen espontáneo resalta lo fluido del objeto de estudio. A través de un análisis comparativo, es posible seguir el creciente interés en la enseñanza de la medicina antes del nacimiento de la universitas como institución asociativa. De hecho, diversas claves muestran la progresiva estabilización de estas enseñanzas: su consagración institucional corresponde al final de un proceso de afirmación y reconocimiento definitivo para estudiantes y profesores de disciplinas médicas y artísticas como organizaciones autónomas