Participation of local people in water management: evidence from the Mae Sa Watershed, northern Thailand

"In the early 1990s, Thailand launched an ambitious program of decentralized governance, conferring greater responsibilities upon sub-district administrations and providing fiscal opportunities for local development planning. This process was reinforced by Thailand's new Constitution of 1997, which explicitly assures individuals, communities and local authorities the right to participate in the management of natural resources.

Jardines botánicos y conciencia medioambiental

Este ensayo se propone reflexionar sobre varias formas de concebir la función de los jardines botánicos, prestando especial atención a su particularidad de que, aun siendo lugares que existen por diseño humano, se presentan como repositorios de lo natural (representado por las plantas que los constituyen). Se inicia la discusión con un análisis de lo que es un jardín, sigue un repaso de las diferencias entre los jardines botánicos y otros tipos de jardín, y del origen histórico de este tipo de jardín en particular. Después se contrastan tres formas de concebir en nuestra época los jardines botánicos: como sitios de recreación, de conservación, y de encuentro con la naturaleza, respectivamente. A partir de esta discusión se concluye que los jardines botánicos pueden servir de arquetipo de una colaboración, y, en un principio, pueden hacer de modelo de nuevas formas creativas de relación entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza.This essay discusses several ways of thinking about botanic gardens that pay close attention to their particularity as designed spaces, dependent on technique, that nonetheless purport to present (and preserve) natural entities (plants). I introduce an account of what gardens are, how botanic gardens differ from other gardens, and how this particular form of garden arose in history. After this I contrast three ways of understanding the function of botanic gardens in the present time: as sites of recreation, of conservation, and of encounter with nature. Finally I develop the idea that these gardens may serve as archetypes of collaboration with nature, and conclude that, in principle, botanic gardens can model alternative, creative new ways for human beings to relate to the natural environment

Kossinna's smile

Two recent palaeogenetic studies have identified a movement of Yamnaya peoples from the Eurasian steppe to Central Europe in the third millennium BC. Their findings are reminiscent of Gustaf Kossinna's equation of ethnic identification with archaeological culture. Rather than a single genetic transmission from Yamnaya to the Central European Corded Ware Culture, there is considerable evidence for centuries of connections and interactions across the continent, as far as Iberia. The author concludes that although genetics has much to offer archaeology, there is also much to be learned in the other direction. This article should be read in conjunction with that by Kristiansen et al. (2017), also in this issue.Peer reviewe

Differential Interleukin-2 Transcription Kinetics Render Mouse but Not Human T Cells Vulnerable to Splicing Inhibition Early after Activation

T cells are nodal players in the adaptive immune response against pathogens and malignant cells. Alternative splicing plays a crucial role in T cell activation, which is analyzed mainly at later time points upon stimulation. Here we have discovered a 2-h time window early after stimulation where optimal splicing efficiency or, more generally, gene expression efficiency is crucial for successful T cell activation. Reducing the splicing efficiency at 4 to 6 h poststimulation significantly impaired murine T cell activation, which was dependent on the expression dynamics of the Egr1-Nab2-interleukin-2 (IL-2) pathway. This time window overlaps the time of peak IL-2 de novo transcription, which, we suggest, represents a permissive time window in which decreased splicing (or transcription) efficiency reduces mature IL-2 production, thereby hampering murine T cell activation. Notably, the distinct expression kinetics of the Egr1-Nab2-IL-2 pathway between mouse and human render human T cells refractory to this vulnerability. We propose that the rational temporal modulation of splicing or transcription during peak de novo expression of key effectors can be used to fine-tune stimulation-dependent biological outcomes. Our data also show that critical consideration is required when extrapolating mouse data to the human system in basic and translational research

Spectroscopic observations of comet Austin (1989c)

Longslit CCD spectra (lambda = 5100-6400 A, delta(lambda) approximately 3 A) were obtained with the Michigan-Dartmouth-MIT 1.3 meter telescope in May 1990 (r = 0.74 AU, delta = 0.50 AU). The spectra were reduced with the Interactive data Reduction and Analysis Facility (IRAF). Spectral extractions offset sunward and tailward from the nucleus were analyzed. Species identified in the spectra include the following: C2, NH2(10-0), NH2(9-0), H2O(+), and CO(+). Spatial extractions of rotational line intensities in the NH2(10-0) band extend approximately 10(exp 4.5) km from the nucleus. A fit of the vectorial model to the NH2(10-0) spatial profile is consistent with an NH3 parent molecule. The NH2 production rate and an ammonia to water abundance ratio, NH3/H2O approximately 3 percent, were derived. The ammonia abundance obtained for comet Austin is consistent with that found for several other comets and is indicative of comet formation under very homogeneous conditions

Climate Change, Responsibilities, and Defeatism and Complacency

16 p.Paradoxically, knowledge of the increasing certainty about climate change, and of the severe consequences of this phenomenon for large portions of the world population, may lead individuals and communities to fall into a paralysing defeatism. Such defeatism, even more paradoxically, may be accompanied by complacency, due to assumption that, on the basis of our societies’ institutional, scientific and technical capabilities, we can wait until problems really become evident. Both the defeatist and the complacent attitude may lead to failure in the application of entirely feasible mitigation and adaptation measures, with consequent much increased probabilities of economic, human and ecological costs. In view of the degree to which these attitudes are present in our societies we may wonder whether inaction may be justifiable on our part despite awareness of stringent responsibilities. Here I argue that, even if it may appear that, under these conditions, we cannot take direct action on our responsibilities regarding climate change, we still have responsibilities to act at another level

A Reassessment Of Locke\u27s Theory Of Cognition Of The External World

Locke\u27s Essay concerning Human Understanding has generally been read as primarily concerned with epistemology. In particular, it has been claimed that the Essay attempts to defeat epistemological skepticism, but fails in this enterprise because of the veiling character of Locke\u27s ideas. By way of reexamination of the texts in question I show that epistemological skepticism is not the topic of the Essay, and that there is not sufficient reason to claim that Locke\u27s account of knowledge leads to epistemological skepticism. I argue, moreover, that the motivating topic of the Essay is moral skepticism, and I explain the central role of ch. 8, book 2 in Locke\u27s argumentation for the claim that we may achieve a science of morality. I conclude with an account of some of practical consequences of a science of morality, as conceived by Locke