An assessment of the relevance of thermal time relationships to nematology

Les données nécessaires et les problèmes concernant la conduite d'études sur la température sont discutés et l'utilité d'un ajustement à une relation linéaire entre température d'une part et taux d'embryogenèse et de développement d'autre part est passée en revue. Les données publiées sur la durée du développement à différentes températures d'un éventail de nématodes incluant des espèces zooparasites sont converties en taux de développement et il est produit une estimation de la température de base (Tb) ainsi que des constantes thermiques (S, exprimé en degrés C/jours nécessaires au-dessus de Tb). De nouvelles données concernant les besoins minimum pour l'embryogenèse de #Meloidogyne javanica sont comparées avec les besoins minimum pour un cycle complet. La signification écologique des différences entre les valeurs de Tb et de S sont prises en compte et il est proposé de considérer que, pour des espèces comparables (ici #M. hapla et #M. javanica$), lorsque la valeur de Tb augmente celle de S diminue. (Résumé d'auteur

On the sociolinguistic typology of linguistic complexity loss

The nature of the human language faculty is the same the world over, and has been so ever since humans became human. This paper, however, considers the possibility that, because of the influence which social structure can have on language structure, this common faculty may produce structurally different types of language under different sociolinguistic conditions. Changing sociolinguistic conditions in the modern world are likely to have the consequence that, in time, the only languages remaining in the world will be severely atypical of how languages have been throughout most of human history.National Foreign Language Resource Cente

Linguistic and social typology: The Austronesian migrations and phoneme inventories

There is a challenging issue for linguistic typology which involves the relationships which might exist between societal type and aspects of linguistic structure. Linguistic-typological studies have provided us with insights into the range of structures available in human languages, but we do not yet have explanations for why, of all the possible structures available, particular languages select particular structures and not others. A legitimate sociolinguistic viewpoint would be that some social explanations may be available. The sociolinguistic factors suggested as being relevant are language contact versus isolation, and community size and network structure. This paper deals with this thesis from the point of view of Austronesian phonology, with particular reference to Polynesian phoneme inventorie

The historical sociolinguistics of elite accent change: On why RP is not disappearing

There is a perception common in the UK today, especially amongst journalists, that the RP accent is disappearing: for example, Public School pupils and younger members of the Royal Family are now often said to be speaking Cockney instead of RP. This claim is totally erroneous, but it is possible to point to a number of factors which can account for this perception. This paper attempts to elucidate what these factors are; and it uses evidence from the history of English to argue that the linguistic events currently affecting RP are sociolinguistically nothing new or modern, and indeed are the result of sociolinguistically inevitable processes of diffusion and change which have persisted for very many generations

[v]at is going on? Local and global ideologies about Indian English

ABSTRACTThis article examines local and global language ideologies surrounding a particular phonetic feature in Indian English, the pronunciation of /v/ as [w]. By focusing on how local and global participants – both individuals and institutions – imagine language variation through disparate framings of “neutral” and “standard,” it highlights how processes of globalization and localization are interconnected, dialogic, and symbiotic. Compared are (i) sociolinguistic constructions of Indian cartoon characters, (ii) American “accent training” institutes, (iii) Indian call center and language improvement books, (iv) American speakers’ interpretations of merged IE speech, and, (v) IE speakers’ attitudes about IE, “neutral,” and ”standard” language. The relative social capital of these populations mediates both how each constructs its respective ideology about language variation, and how these ideologies dialogically interact with each other. (Language variation, language ideologies, dialogic, standard language)1</jats:p