Valuation of the flood protection service provided by coastal ecosystems

RESUMEN: Los ecosistemas costeros, tales como los arrecifes de coral o los manglares, son un recurso natural que protege el frente litoral de las inundaciones y evita pérdidas humanas y económicas. Sin embargo, están desapareciendo parte de estos ecosistemas debido a la sobreexplotación humana y al cambio climático. El deterioro ecosistémico, unido al crecimiento demográfico y económico costero, la subida del nivel del mar y la exposición directa a amenazas climáticas supone un escenario de riesgo futuro en el que los recursos naturales jugarán un papel cada vez más relevante. En esta tesis se propone una metodología multidisciplinar, probabilística y basada en procesos para valorar el servicio de protección frente a la inundación de los ecosistemas costeros. La aplicación de esta metodología a los de arrecifes de coral y manglares estima que la pérdida de estos ecosistemas incrementaría entre un 9% y 90% las pérdidas económicas por inundación y entre un 28% y un 80% el número de personas afectadas cada año. Indonesia, Filipinas, Cuba o México son algunos de los países que mayor beneficio de protección reciben de estos ecosistemas. Con este trabajo se pretende priorizar zonas de actuación e incentivar la conservación del medio ambiente para asegurar la disponibilidad de recursos naturales en el futuro.ABSTRACT: Coastal ecosystems, such as coral reefs and mangroves, are natural defences against coastal flooding by avoiding human and economic losses. However, these ecosystems are disappearing due to human activities and climate change. Ecosystem degradation, coastal settlement growth, sea level rise and the direct exposure of coastal areas to climate hazards are future risky scenarios in which natural resources will play an important role. This thesis develop a multidisciplinary, probabilistic and process-based methodology for valuing flood protection service provided by coastal ecosystems. The application of the methodology to coral reefs and mangroves estimates that ecosystem degradation would induce an increment between 9% and 90% the economic losses and between 28% and 80% the population affected by coastal flooding every year. Indonesia, the Philippines, Cuba or Mexico are some of the most protected countries. This work aims to prioritize nature-based development plans and to encourage environmental conservation activities that ensure future ecosystem benefit flux.Quiero agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia Innovación y Universidades por la financiación recibida por medio de la beca de Formación de Personal Universitario (FPI, BES-2015-074343) , asociada al proyecto del Plan Nacional ECOPROOF (BIA2014-59718-R), así como al IH Cantabria y a la Universidad de Cantabria por proporcionarme los recursos necesarios para el desarrollo de esta Tesis

The Global flood protection Benefits of Mangroves

ABSTRACT: Coastal flood risks are rising rapidly. We provide high resolution estimates of the economic value of mangroves forests for flood risk reduction every 20 km worldwide. We develop a probabilistic, process-based valuation of the effects of mangroves on averting damages to people and property. We couple spatially-explicit 2-D hydrodynamic analyses with economic models, and find that mangroves provide flood protection benefits exceeding $US 65 billion per year. If mangroves were lost, 15 million more people would be flooded annually across the world. Some of the nations that receive the greatest economic benefits include the USA, China, India and Mexico. Vietnam, India and Bangladesh receive the greatest benefits in terms of people protected. Many (>45) 20-km coastal stretches particularly those near cities receive more than$US 250 million annually in flood protection benefits from mangroves. These results demonstrate the value of mangroves as natural coastal defenses at global, national and local scales, which can inform incentives for mangrove conservation and restoration in development, climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction and insuranceWe thank the supporting provided by the World Bank and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. We also acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (BIA2014-59718-R). Authors are grateful to the useful contributions provided by Borja González Reguero (University of Santa Cruz California), Antonio Espejo, Sheila Abad and Pedro Díaz Simal (IH Cantabria). Pelayo Menéndez acknowledge to the FPI grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (BES-2015-074343). The authors acknowledge to the National Plan “RISKOADAPT” from the Spanish Ministry of Sciences, Innovation and Universities (BIA2017-89401-R)

Barreras naturales para la defensa de la costa: marco estratégico y aplicaciones

Este trabajo está subvencionado por el Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte del Gobierno de España (Beca FPI, Convocatoria 2015

Return on investment for mangrove and reef flood protection

There is a growing need for coastal and marine restoration, but it is not clear how to pay for it given that environmental funding is low, and national budgets are stretched in response to natural hazards. We use risk-industry methods and find that coral reef and mangrove restoration could yield strong Return on Investment (ROI) for flood risk reduction on shorelines across more than 20 Caribbean countries. These results are robust to changes in discount rates and the timing of restoration benefits. Data on restoration costs are sparse, but the Present Value (PV) of restored natural infrastructure shows that ROI would be positive in many locations even if restoration costs are in the hundreds of thousand per hectare for mangroves and millions per km for reefs. Based on these benefits, we identify significant sources of funding for restoring these natural defenses.This work was supported in part by the Kingfisher Foundation, the World Bank, AXA XL, AXA Research Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. We thank Chris Lowrie for help with the figures

Post-Franco Theatre

In the multiple realms and layers that comprise the contemporary Spanish theatrical landscape, “crisis” would seem to be the word that most often lingers in the air, as though it were a common mantra, ready to roll off the tongue of so many theatre professionals with such enormous ease, and even enthusiasm, that one is prompted to wonder whether it might indeed be a miracle that the contemporary technological revolution – coupled with perpetual quandaries concerning public and private funding for the arts – had not by now brought an end to the evolution of the oldest of live arts, or, at the very least, an end to drama as we know it

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

Peer reviewe

Masculinidad y Feminidad: Una visión multidimensional

The research on Masculinity and Femininity has a long history. Despite this, there is still discussion about the nature of these concepts. In the present study, the development of the Oviedo Gender Roles Scale (GRSO) is presented. A sample of 612 participants belonging to general Spanish population is used (Myears = 34.2; SDyears = 15.9). The dimensionality, discrimination indices, reliability and evidence of convergent and divergent validity of the instrument were studied. In addition, differences in general (Big Five model) and specific personality traits based on sex were measured and an ANCOVA was performed controlling the variables of Masculinity and Femininity. A good fit to a three-factor multidimensional structure, with Cronbach’s alphas indicating good reliability (Socioemotional = .75; Comparison = .81; Aggressiveness = .77) and adequate evidence of validity were observed. Differences based on sex were observed in various personality traits, but when controlling for Masculinity and Femininity, such differences disappeared. ERGO is a reliable and valid test for the study of gender roles. The implication of a multidimensional approach on Masculinity and Femininity is discussed.La investigación de la Masculinidad y la Feminidad posee una larga trayectoria. A pesar de ello, aún se continúa discutiendo sobre la naturaleza de estos conceptos. En el presente estudio, se presenta el desarrollo de la Escala de Roles de Género de Oviedo (ERGO). Se empleó una muestra de 612 participantes procedentes de la población general española (Maños = 34.2; DTaños = 15.9). Se estudió la dimensionalidad, los índices de discriminación, la fiabilidad y las evidencias de validez divergente y convergente del instrumento. Además, se estudiaron diferencias en rasgos generales (modelo Big Five) y específicos de personalidad en función del sexo, y se realizó un ANCOVA controlando las variables de Masculinidad y Feminidad. Se observó un buen ajuste a una estructura multidimensional de tres factores, con alfas de Cronbach indicando una fiabilidad buena (Socioemocional = .75; Comparación = .81; Agresividad = .77) y adecuadas evidencias de validez. Se observaron diferencias en función del sexo en varios rasgos de personalidad, pero, al controlar la Masculinidad y Feminidad, las diferencias desaparecieron. El ERGO es una prueba válida y fiable para el estudio de los roles de género. Se discute la implicación de una aproximación multidimensional de la Masculinidad y Feminidad

Masculinity and Femininity: A multidimensional approach.

La investigación de la Masculinidad y la Feminidad posee una larga trayectoria. A pesar de ello, aún se continúa discutiendo sobre la natu-raleza de estos conceptos. En el presente estudio, se presenta el desarrollo de la Escala de Roles de Género de Oviedo (ERGO). Se empleó una mues-tra de 612 participantes procedentes de la población general española (Maños = 34.2; DTaños = 15.9). Se estudió la dimensionalidad, los índices de discri-minación, la fiabilidad y las evidencias de validez divergente y convergente del instrumento. Además, se estudiaron diferencias en rasgos generales (modelo Big Five) y específicos de personalidad en función del sexo, y se realizó un ANCOVA controlando las variables de Masculinidad y Femini-dad. Se observó un buen ajuste a una estructura multidimensional de tres factores, con alfas de Cronbach indicando una fiabilidad buena (Socioemo-cional = .75; Comparación = .81; Agresividad = .77) y adecuadas eviden-cias de validez. Se observaron diferencias en función del sexo en varios ras-gos de personalidad, pero, al controlar la Masculinidad y Feminidad, las di-ferencias desaparecieron. El ERGO es una prueba válida y fiable para el es-tudio de los roles de género. Se discute la implicación de una aproximación multidimensional de la Masculinidad y Feminidad.The research on Masculinity and Femininity has a long history. Despite this, there is still discussion about the nature of these concepts. In the present study, the development of the Oviedo Gender Roles Scale (GRSO) is presented. A sample of 612 participants belonging to general Spanish population is used (Myears = 34.2; SDyears = 15.9). The dimensionali-ty, discrimination indices, reliability and evidence of convergent and diver-gent validity of the instrument were studied. In addition, differences in general (Big Five model) and specific personality traits based on sex were measured and an ANCOVA was performed controlling the variables of Masculinity and Femininity. A good fit to a three-factor multidimensional structure, with Cronbach’s alphas indicating good reliability (Socioemo-tional = .75; Comparison = .81; Aggressiveness = .77) and adequate evi-dence of validity were observed. Differences based on sex were observed in various personality traits, but when controlling for Masculinity and Fem-ininity, such differences disappeared. ERGO is a reliable and valid test for the study of gender roles. The implication of a multidimensional approach on Masculinity and Femininity is discussed

Ensayo de una biblioteca española de libros raros y curiosos,

Mode of access: Internet