Heat Transfer Measurement of Slug Two Phase Flow in a Horizontal and a Slightly Upward Inclined Tube

Two-phase slug flow (air-water) is characterized by moderate gas and liquid flow rates. This type of flow occurs in many industrial applications such as condensers, evaporators and pipe lines. In this study two-phase slug flow, heat transfer analysis has been carried out at horizontal, 20, 50 and 70 tube inclinations. Systematically controlled heat transfer runs have been made so that a better understanding of heat transfer can be obtained. This study has been fortified by using flow visualization videos and pictures to explain the intricacies of the heat transfer. The study has been done on a pipe with length to diameter ration (L/D) of 100 with uniform heat flux around the periphery ranging from 2734 to 10787 W/m2, liquid mass flow rate from 6.21 to 42.55 kg/min and gas mass flow rate from 0.0148 to 0.159 kg/min. Data at various inclinations have been compared systematically and a detailed discussion of the heat transfer trend is discussed. In the end, a unified slug flow heat transfer correlation has been developed which predicts the heat transfer for both horizontal and the inclined tube positions. The results confirmed that the heat transfer in slug flow is dominated by the superficial liquid velocity. It was observed from the systematically controlled individual superficial liquid Reynolds number runs, that heat transfer of slug flow has its own specific trend. This trend remained the same for various tube inclinations. The heat transfer coefficient increased with the tube inclination. However, no significant increase in heat transfer was observed after 50 tube inclination. Flow visualization pictures confirmed that at some specific water and gas mass flow rates, the formation of excess bubbles hinder the heat transfer in the flow. From the heat transfer data gathered in this study, a general correlation for predicting heat transfer was developed. This unified correlation predicts 92% of both the horizontal and inclined slug flow data points (141 data points) used in this study within �15% deviation range.Mechanical & Aerospace Engineerin

Frontonasal dysplasia- a rare case report

Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) is a rare malformative complex affecting the frontal portion of the face, the eyes and the nose; it may occur singly or associated with other clinical signs. We report here a rare case of a full-term male baby who presented with features of FND. There was no history of consanguinity, no positive family history. Antenatal ultrasonography was normal. Though this baby did not survive because the defects were not compatible for the survival. But the developing nations still have handicap in the management of such cases in term of fiancés, surgical correction of such major defects, education and social support in these patients.

Puerperal sub-acute uterine inversion: a rare case report

Puerperal uterine inversion is a complication of third stage of labour, which can lead to maternal morbidity and mortality due to haemorrhage shock and infection. Early cases can be managed by manual reposition of uterus but neglected or late cases of uterine inversion are managed by Haultain`s repair. Here we are presenting a case of subacute uterine inversion referred from peripheral hospital managed by Haultain’s technique

Molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by quantitative real-time PCR in patients with community acquired pneumonia

Background & Objectives: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most important and common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The conventional detection methods (culture and serology) lack sensitivity. PCR offers a better approach for rapid detection but is prone to carry over contamination during manipulation of amplification products. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method offers an attractive alternative detection method. In the present study, qRT-PCR, PCR and serology methods were used to detect M. pneumoniae infection in cases of pneumonias and findings compared. Methods: A total of 134 samples consisting of blood (for serology) and respiratory secretions (for PCR and qRT-PCR) from 134 patients were collected. The blood samples were tested for IgG, IgM and IgA using commercially available kits. For standardization of PCR of M. pneumoniae P1 gene was cloned in pGEMTEasy vector. Specific primers and reporter sequence were designed and procured for this fragment. The qRT-PCR assay was performed to prepare the standard curve for M. pneumoniae positive control DNA template and detection in patient samples. Results: Of the 134 patients, 26 (19%) were positive for antibodies against M. pneumoniae. IgG was positive in 14.92 per cent (20) cases, IgM in 4.47 per cent (6) and IgA was positive in 5.22 per cent (7) cases. In the qRT-PCR assay 19 per cent (26) samples were positive. Of the 26 qRT-PCR positive samples, nine could be detected by serology. PCR was positive for 25 samples. An extra sample negative by PCR was detected by qRT-PCR. Thus, real-time PCR assay, PCR and serology in combination could detect M. pneumoniae infection in 43 patients. Interpretation & Conclusions: The study shows that 17 patients were detected by serology alone, 17 were detected by qRT-PCR only and nine patients were positive by both serology and real-time PCR. Of the 134 samples tested, 25 were positive by conventional PCR, but qRT-PCR could detect one more sample that was negative by PCR and serology. These results suggest that a combination of two or three methods may be required for reliable identification of CAP due to M. pneumoniae

A multi-targeted approach to suppress tumor-promoting inflammation

Cancers harbor significant genetic heterogeneity and patterns of relapse following many therapies are due to evolved resistance to treatment. While efforts have been made to combine targeted therapies, significant levels of toxicity have stymied efforts to effectively treat cancer with multi-drug combinations using currently approved therapeutics. We discuss the relationship between tumor-promoting inflammation and cancer as part of a larger effort to develop a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach aimed at a wide range of targets to address this heterogeneity. Specifically, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, cyclooxygenase-2, transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein kinase B, and CXC chemokines are reviewed as important antiinflammatory targets while curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, lycopene, and anthocyanins are reviewed as low-cost, low toxicity means by which these targets might all be reached simultaneously. Future translational work will need to assess the resulting synergies of rationally designed antiinflammatory mixtures (employing low-toxicity constituents), and then combine this with similar approaches targeting the most important pathways across the range of cancer hallmark phenotypes

Prosthetic Joint Infection due to Burkholderia cenocepacia: An Opportunistic Pathogen Microbiology Section with an Expanding Spectrum of Disease

Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen widespread in moist environments. It has been associated with lung infections, blood, skin and genitourinary tract infections. We report here the first case of Prosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) caused by B. cenocepacia isolated from the periprosthetic tissue samples and prosthesis sonicate fluid identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A good clinical outcome was obtained by twostage exchange arthroplasty and administration of co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin. In addition to the expanding spectrum of this opportunistic pathogen, this case also shows the reliability of newer diagnostic tools to rapidly identify the Burkholderia Cepacia Complex (BCC) to the species level

Molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by quantitative real-time PCR in patients with community acquired pneumonia

Background & objectives: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most important and common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The conventional detection methods (culture and serology) lack sensitivity. PCR offers a better approach for rapid detection but is prone to carry over contamination during manipulation of amplification products. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method offers an attractive alternative detection method. In the present study, qRT-PCR, PCR and serology methods were used to detect M. pneumoniae infection in cases of pneumonias and findings compared. Methods: A total of 134 samples consisting of blood (for serology) and respiratory secretions (for PCR and qRT-PCR) from 134 patients were collected. The blood samples were tested for IgG, IgM and IgA using commercially available kits. For standardization of PCR of M. pneumoniae P1 gene was cloned in pGEMTEasy vector. Specific primers and reporter sequence were designed and procured for this fragment. The qRT-PCR assay was performed to prepare the standard curve for M. pneumoniae positive control DNA template and detection in patient samples. Results: Of the 134 patients, 26 (19%) were positive for antibodies against M. pneumoniae. IgG was positive in 14.92 per cent (20) cases, IgM in 4.47 per cent (6) and IgA was positive in 5.22 per cent (7) cases. In the qRT-PCR assay 19 per cent (26) samples were positive. Of the 26 qRT-PCR positive samples, nine could be detected by serology. PCR was positive for 25 samples. An extra sample negative by PCR was detected by qRT-PCR. Thus, real-time PCR assay, PCR and serology in combination could detect M. pneumoniae infection in 43 patients. Interpretation & conclusions: The study shows that 17 patients were detected by serology alone, 17 were detected by qRT-PCR only and nine patients were positive by both serology and real-time PCR. Of the 134 samples tested, 25 were positive by conventional PCR, but qRT-PCR could detect one more sample that was negative by PCR and serology. These results suggest that a combination of two or three methods may be required for reliable identification of CAP due to M. pneumoniae

Application of standardized multiplex PCR for detection of molecular markers of Legionella pneumophila isolates from hospital environmental samples

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