Electron density effects in the modulation spectroscopy of strained and lattice-matched InGaAs/InAlAs/InP high-electron-mobility transistor structures

The effects of the channel electron density on the interband optical transitions of strained (x=0.6 and 0.65) and lattice-matched (x=0.53) InxGa1–xAs/In0.52Al0.48As/InP high-electron-mobility transistor structures have been investigated by phototransmittance at room temperature. Analysis of the ground and first excited transitions for low and high densities, respectively, enabled a separate estimation of the electron densities occupying each one of the first two subbands. It was found necessary to include the modulation of the phase-space filling in the analysis of the spectra, especially for the samples with a high electron density, in which case this modulation mechanism becomes dominant

Calculating the minimum bounds of energy consumption for cloud networks

This paper is aiming at facilitating the energy-efficient operation of an integrated optical network and IT infrastructure. In this context we propose an energy-efficient routing algorithm for provisioning of IT services that originate from specific source sites and which need to be executed by suitable IT resources (e. g. data centers). The routing approach followed is anycast, since the requirement for the IT services is the delivery of results, while the exact location of the execution of the job can be freely chosen. In this scenario, energy efficiency is achieved by identifying the least energy consuming IT and network resources required to support the services, enabling the switching off of any unused network and IT resources. Our results show significant energy savings that can reach up to 55% compared to energy-unaware schemes, depending on the granularity with which a data center is able to switch on/off servers

The Evershed flow from simultaneous chromospheric and photospheric observations

We study the Evershed flow in the photosphere and the reverse Evershed flow inthe chromosphere giving emphasis to the temporal evolution of the phenomenon. Our results verify that the velocity of the Evershed flow has a maximum above the penumbra in the photosphere and well outside the penumbra in the chromosphere. We found a quasi-periodic behavior of the reverse Evershed flow in the chromosphere with period between10–15 min. We were not able to identify an obvious repetitive behavior in the photosphere, except from the propagation of the slow photospheric waves

Oscillations and waves related to sunspots

In order to study umbral oscillations, running penumbral waves and the relationship between them, we analyzed CCD, high-resolution, sunspot observations obtained at the center and the wings of the Hα line and the Fe I 5576 ˚A line using a UBF filter. We produced “space/time slice images” which show that there is not a clear relationship between umbral oscillations and running penumbral waves as they observed in upper chromospheric layers. We found that the running penumbral waves are observable at least up to the formation height of the Hα±0.5 ˚A line, but not in the Hα±0.75 ˚A or the Fe I±0.12 ˚A. The correlation between umbral oscillations at various atmospheric heights and running penumbral waves strongly indicates that the latter are excited by photospheric umbral oscillations and not the chromospheric ones

Evaluation of a method for the resolution improvement of near limb solar images

We present a methodology, based onthe correctionfor the limb darkening and the use of a directionally sensitive operator the “MadMax”, for the image processing of observations obtained near the solar limb. Our image processing method substantially enhances near-limb observations and permits an insight into the studies of the very fine chromospheric structures, over higher-resolution images. Space/time images produced from filtergrams processed with our method indicate that polar surges and spicules are probably related to different physical mechanisms

Formation of Clustered DNA Damage after High-LET Irradiation: A Review

Radiation can cause as well as cure cancer. The risk of developing radiation-induced cancer has traditionally been estimated from cancer incidence among survivors of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These data provide the best estimate of human cancer risk over the dose range for low linear energy transfer (LET) radiations, such as X- or gamma-rays. The situation of estimating the real biological effects becomes even more difficult in the case of high LET particles encountered in space or as the result of domestic exposure to particles from radon gas emitters or other radioactive emitters like uranium-238. Complex DNA damage, i.e., the signature of high-LET radiations comprises by closely spaced DNA lesions forming a cluster of DNA damage. The two basic groups of complex DNA damage are double strand breaks (DSBs) and non-DSB oxidative clustered DNA lesions (OCDL). Theoretical analysis and experimental evidence suggest there is increased complexity and severity of complex DNA damage with increasing LET (linear energy transfer) and a high mutagenic or carcinogenic potential. Data available on the formation of clustered DNA damage (DSBs and OCDL) by high-LET radiations are often controversial suggesting a variable response to dose and type of radiation. The chemical nature and cellular repair mechanisms of complex DNA damage have been much less characterized than those of isolated DNA lesions like an oxidized base or a single strand break especially in the case of high-LET radiation. This review will focus on the induction of clustered DNA damage by high-LET radiations presenting the earlier and recent relative data

Oscillations and running waves observed in sunspots. III. Multilayer study

We continue our study of waves and oscillations observed in sunspots using an improved method for enhancing the waves, giving the opportunity to identify them and determine their properties in far Hα wings. We found that the running penumbral waves are observable at least up to the formation height of the Hα ± 0.5 Å line, but not in the H Hα ± 0.75 Å or the FeI ± 0.12 Å. We found a time lag between the waves in the blue and the red wing of the Hα line corresponding to a phase shift of 180°, that indicates a pure Doppler shift of the line. There is a lag in the propagation of the waves seen at Hα center and at Hα wings. Also there is a lag in the variation of the umbral oscillations as they are observed from lower to higher atmospheric layers. The correlation between umbral oscillations at various atmospheric heights and running penumbral waves strongly indicates that the latter are excited by photospheric umbral oscillations and not the chromospheric ones. We found a new category of photospheric waves that originate at approximately 0.7 of the distance between the umbra and the penumbra boundary and propagate beyond the outer penumbra boundary with a velocity of the order of 3-4 km s^(-1). Further, we found 3 min penumbral oscillations apparent in the inner penumbra at lower chromospheric layers (far Hα wings)

Surface electronic properties of undoped InAlN alloys

The variation in surface electronic properties of undoped c-plane InxAl1−xN alloys has been investigated across the composition range using a combination of high-resolution x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and single-field Hall effect measurements. For the In-rich alloys, electron accumulation layers, accompanied by a downward band bending, are present at the surface, with a decrease to approximately flatband conditions with increasing Al composition. However, for the Al-rich alloys, the undoped samples were found to be insulating with approximate midgap pinning of the surface Fermi level observed