Atezolizumab Combined With Bevacizumab and Platinum-Based Therapy for Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian Cancer: Placebo-Controlled Randomized Phase III ATALANTE/ENGOT-ov29 Trial

Atezolizumab; Ovarian cancer; PlatinumAtezolizumab; Càncer d'ovari; PlatíAtezolizumab; Cáncer de ovario; PlatinoPURPOSE Platinum-based doublets with concurrent and maintenance bevacizumab are standard therapy for ovarian cancer (OC) relapsing after a platinum-free interval (PFI) >6 months. Immunotherapy may be synergistic with bevacizumab and chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS ATALANTE/ENGOT-ov29 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02891824), a placebo-controlled double-blinded randomized phase III trial, enrolled patients with recurrent epithelial OC, one to two previous chemotherapy lines, and PFI >6 months. Eligible patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to atezolizumab (1,200 mg once every 3 weeks or equivalent) or placebo for up to 24 months, combined with bevacizumab and six cycles of chemotherapy doublet, stratified by PFI, PD-L1 status, and chemotherapy regimen. Coprimary end points were investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) and PD-L1–positive populations (alpha .025 for each population). RESULTS Between September 2016 and October 2019, 614 patients were randomly assigned: 410 to atezolizumab and 204 to placebo. Only 38% had PD-L1–positive tumors. After 3 years' median follow-up, the PFS difference between atezolizumab and placebo did not reach statistical significance in the ITT (hazard ratio [HR], 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.99; P = .041; median 13.5 v 11.3 months, respectively) or PD-L1–positive (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.16; P = .30; median 15.2 v 13.1 months, respectively) populations. The immature overall survival (OS) HR was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.65 to 1.01; median 35.5 v 30.6 months with atezolizumab v placebo, respectively). Global health-related quality of life did not differ between treatment arms. Grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) occurred in 88% of atezolizumab-treated and 87% of placebo-treated patients; grade ≥3 AEs typical of immunotherapy were more common with atezolizumab (13% v 8%, respectively). CONCLUSION ATALANTE/ENGOT-ov29 did not meet its coprimary PFS objectives in the ITT or PD-L1–positive populations. OS follow-up continues. Further research on biopsy samples is warranted to decipher the immunologic landscape of late-relapsing OC

Why do liver transplant patients so often become obese? The addiction transfer hypothesis

International audienceIn patients who receive transplantation for alcohol liver disease, obesity and metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent after transplantation and both contribute to a significant proportion of cardiovascular complications, late morbidity and mortality in this population. Although immunosuppressive medications have been hypothesised to explain some of these post-liver-transplantation (LT) metabolic complications, they cannot be considered the sole cause of obesity and metabolic syndrome, and the high prevalence of these illnesses remains unexplained. Given the significant overlap between the neurobiological, psychiatric and psychological factors that underlie alcohol addiction and reward-related behavioural dyscontrol disorders such as food addiction (FA), we hypothesised that the high prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome reported in patients who receive transplantation for alcohol liver disease could be explained at least partially by a switch in some individuals from a previous alcohol addiction to post-transplantation FA (i.e., addiction transfer = addiction switch). In our integrative model, we also speculate that an increased prevalence of FA or alcohol addiction may occur in patients with both specific psychobiological profiles and shared risk factors. We further hypothesise that in the subpopulation of patients who develop either alcohol addiction or FA after LT, those with high insight with regard to the consequences of alcohol use could be at higher risk for FA, whereas those with low insight could be at higher risk for alcohol addiction. We discuss here evidence for and against this hypothesis and discuss which patients could be more vulnerable to these two addictions after LT. Because it will not be either possible or ethical to test some of our hypotheses in humans, future studies should test these hypotheses using a translational strategy, using both clinical and preclinical approaches. If our hypotheses could account for the significant increase in obesity and metabolic syndrome after LT, this would lead to new avenues for research and preventive as well as therapeutic interventions for alcohol-related LT patients. All patients with previous or current alcohol addiction should be systematically screened for FA and followed up for subsequent risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Such strategies might be effective in improving survival, outcomes and quality of life after LT and also in the overall population of patients with alcohol addiction. By determining common risk factors for both alcohol addiction and FA using a translational approach, our model could help to find novel psychopharmacological and psychological strategies that might be effective in both FA and alcohol addiction

They played with the trade: MEG investigation of the processing of past tense verbs and their phonological twins

How regular and irregular verbs are processed remains a matter of debate. Some English-speaking patients with nonfluent aphasia are especially impaired on regular past-tense forms like played, whether the task requires production, comprehension or even the judgement that "play" and "played" sound different. Within a dual-mechanism account of inflectional morphology, these deficits reflect disruption to the rule-based process that adds (or strips) the suffix -ed to regular verb stems; but the fact that the patients are also impaired at detecting the difference between word pairs like "tray" and "trade" (the latter being a phonological but not a morphological twin to "played") suggests an important role for phonological characteristics of the regular past tense. The present study examined MEG brain responses in healthy participants evoked by spoken regular past-tense forms and phonological twin words (plus twin pseudowords and a non-speech control) presented in a passive oddball paradigm. Deviant forms (played, trade, kwade/kwayed) relative to their standards (play, tray, kway) elicited a pronounced neuromagnetic response at approximately 130 ms after the onset of the affix; this response was maximal at sensors over temporal areas of both hemispheres but stronger on the left, especially for played and kwayed. Relative to the same standards, a different set of deviants ending in /t/--plate, trait and kwate--produced stronger difference responses especially over the right hemisphere. Results are discussed with regard to dual- and single-mechanism theories of past tense processing and the need to consider neurobiological evidence in attempts to understand inflectional morphology

Cerebral small vessel disease genomics and its implications across the lifespan

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are the most common brain-imaging feature of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), hypertension being the main known risk factor. Here, we identify 27 genome-wide loci for WMH-volume in a cohort of 50,970 older individuals, accounting for modification/confounding by hypertension. Aggregated WMH risk variants were associated with altered white matter integrity (p = 2.5×10-7) in brain images from 1,738 young healthy adults, providing insight into the lifetime impact of SVD genetic risk. Mendelian randomization suggested causal association of increasing WMH-volume with stroke, Alzheimer-type dementia, and of increasing blood pressure (BP) with larger WMH-volume, notably also in persons without clinical hypertension. Transcriptome-wide colocalization analyses showed association of WMH-volume with expression of 39 genes, of which four encode known drug targets. Finally, we provide insight into BP-independent biological pathways underlying SVD and suggest potential for genetic stratification of high-risk individuals and for genetically-informed prioritization of drug targets for prevention trials.Peer reviewe

Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain

ience, this issue p. eaap8757 Structured Abstract INTRODUCTION Brain disorders may exhibit shared symptoms and substantial epidemiological comorbidity, inciting debate about their etiologic overlap. However, detailed study of phenotypes with different ages of onset, severity, and presentation poses a considerable challenge. Recently developed heritability methods allow us to accurately measure correlation of genome-wide common variant risk between two phenotypes from pools of different individuals and assess how connected they, or at least their genetic risks, are on the genomic level. We used genome-wide association data for 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants, as well as 17 phenotypes from a total of 1,191,588 individuals, to quantify the degree of overlap for genetic risk factors of 25 common brain disorders. RATIONALE Over the past century, the classification of brain disorders has evolved to reflect the medical and scientific communities' assessments of the presumed root causes of clinical phenomena such as behavioral change, loss of motor function, or alterations of consciousness. Directly observable phenomena (such as the presence of emboli, protein tangles, or unusual electrical activity patterns) generally define and separate neurological disorders from psychiatric disorders. Understanding the genetic underpinnings and categorical distinctions for brain disorders and related phenotypes may inform the search for their biological mechanisms. RESULTS Common variant risk for psychiatric disorders was shown to correlate significantly, especially among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia. By contrast, neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders, except for migraine, which was significantly correlated to ADHD, MDD, and Tourette syndrome. We demonstrate that, in the general population, the personality trait neuroticism is significantly correlated with almost every psychiatric disorder and migraine. We also identify significant genetic sharing between disorders and early life cognitive measures (e.g., years of education and college attainment) in the general population, demonstrating positive correlation with several psychiatric disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder) and negative correlation with several neurological phenotypes (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke), even though the latter are considered to result from specific processes that occur later in life. Extensive simulations were also performed to inform how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity influence genetic correlations. CONCLUSION The high degree of genetic correlation among many of the psychiatric disorders adds further evidence that their current clinical boundaries do not reflect distinct underlying pathogenic processes, at least on the genetic level. This suggests a deeply interconnected nature for psychiatric disorders, in contrast to neurological disorders, and underscores the need to refine psychiatric diagnostics. Genetically informed analyses may provide important "scaffolding" to support such restructuring of psychiatric nosology, which likely requires incorporating many levels of information. By contrast, we find limited evidence for widespread common genetic risk sharing among neurological disorders or across neurological and psychiatric disorders. We show that both psychiatric and neurological disorders have robust correlations with cognitive and personality measures. Further study is needed to evaluate whether overlapping genetic contributions to psychiatric pathology may influence treatment choices. Ultimately, such developments may pave the way toward reduced heterogeneity and improved diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages

Genome-wide association study of copy number variations in Parkinson's disease

Objective: Our study investigates the impact of copy number variations (CNVs) on Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis using genome-wide data, aiming to uncover novel genetic mechanisms and improve the understanding of the role of CNVs in sporadic PD. Methods: We applied a sliding window approach to perform CNV-GWAS and conducted genome-wide burden analyses on CNV data from 11,035 PD patients (including 2,731 early-onset PD (EOPD)) and 8,901 controls from the COURAGE-PD consortium. Results: We identified 14 genome-wide significant CNV loci associated with PD, including one deletion and 13 duplications. Among these, duplications in 7q22.1, 11q12.3 and 7q33 displayed the highest effect. Two significant duplications overlapped with PD-related genes SNCA and VPS13C, but none overlapped with recent significant SNP-based GWAS findings. Five duplications included genes associated with neurological disease, and four overlapping genes were dosage-sensitive and intolerant to loss-of-function variants. Enriched pathways included neurodegeneration, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and lipid metabolism. In early-onset cases, four loci were significantly associated with EOPD, including three known duplications and one novel deletion in PRKN. CNV burden analysis showed a higher prevalence of CNVs in PD-related genes in patients compared to controls (OR=1.56 [1.18-2.09], p=0.0013), with PRKN showing the highest burden (OR=1.47 [1.10-1.98], p=0.026). Patients with CNVs in PRKN had an earlier disease onset. Burden analysis with controls and EOPD patients showed similar results. Interpretation: This is the largest CNV-based GWAS in PD identifying novel CNV regions and confirming the significant CNV burden in EOPD, primarily driven by the PRKN gene, warranting further investigation.R-AGR-0382 - INTER/JPND/13/01 COURAGE-PD - BALLING Rudolf3. Good health and well-bein

Adaptation of phase II oncology designs to a time-to-event endpoint

La phase II d’un essai clinique représente une étape importante de l’évaluation d’une thérapeutique. Il s’agit d’une étape de sélection ayant pour objectif d’identifier les traitements efficaces, qui seront évalués de manière comparative en phase III, et ceux qui, jugés inefficaces seront abandonnés. Le choix du critère de jugement et la règle de décision sont les éléments essentiels de cette étape de l’essai clinique. En cancérologie, le critère de jugement est principalement de nature binaire (réponse au traitement). Cependant, depuis quelques années, les essais de phase II considèrent également les délais d’événement censurés ou non (délai de survie sans progression). Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à ces deux types de critères dans le cas de plans d’expérience à deux étapes comportant une possibilité d’arrêt précoce pour futilité. Les conditions réelles des phases II voient souvent la réalisation pratique de l'essai s'écarter du protocole défini a priori. Les cas les plus fréquents sont l'impossibilité d'évaluer le patient (liée par exemple à un événement intercurrent) ou la réalisation d’un suivi trop court. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d'évaluer les répercussions entrainées par ces modifications et de proposer des solutions alternatives. Ce travail comporte deux parties principales. Dans la première partie, nous traitons d’un critère de jugement binaire avec patients non évaluables ; dans la seconde d’un critère censuré avec un suivi plus court. Lorsque le critère de jugement est binaire, le plan d’expérience dit « de Simon » est le plus souvent utilisé. Mais ce plan d’expérience nécessite que la réponse de tous les sujets inclus soit connue au temps d’intérêt clinique choisi. En conséquence, comment devons-nous analyser les résultats de l’essai lorsque certains patients sont non évaluables et quelles sont les conséquences sur les caractéristiques opérationnelles de ce plan ? Plusieurs stratégies ont été envisagées (exclusion, remplacement ou considération des patients non évaluables comme des échecs), l’étude de simulation que nous avons réalisée dans le cadre de ce travail montre qu’aucune de ces stratégies ne permet de respecter les risques de première et de seconde espèce fixés a priori. Pour pallier à ces défaillances, nous avons proposé une stratégie dite de « sauvetage » qui repose sur une reconstruction du plan de Simon à partir des probabilités de réponse sous les hypothèses nulle et alternative sachant que le patient est évaluable. Les résultats de nos études de simulations montrent que cette stratégie permet de minimiser les déviations aux risques de première et de seconde espèce alors qu’il y a moins d’information que planifiée dans l’essai. Depuis la dernière décennie, de nombreux schémas considérant les délais d’événement ont été développés. En pratique, l’approche naïve estime la survie sans progression par un taux brut à un temps fixé et utilise un schéma de Simon pour établir une règle de décision. Case et Morgan ont proposé en 2003 un plan d’expérience comparant les taux de survie sans progression estimés à un temps choisi. Considérant l’ensemble du suivi, Kwak et al. (2013) ont proposé d’utiliser la statistique dite du one-sample log-rank pour comparer la courbe de survie sans progression observée à une courbe théorique. Ce dernier schéma permet d’intégrer le maximum d’information disponible et ainsi d’inclure moins de patients pour tester les mêmes hypothèses. Ce plan d’expérience nécessite cependant un suivi de tous les patients de leur inclusion jusqu’à la fin de l’essai. Cette hypothèse semble peu réaliste ; en conséquence, nous avons proposé une nouvelle stratégie basée sur une modification du schéma de Kwak pour un suivi réduit. (...)Phase II clinical trials are a key stage in drug development. This screening stage goal is to identify the active drugs which deserve further confirmatory studies in phase III trials from the inactive ones whose development will be stopped. The choice of the endpoint and the decision rules are major elements in phase II trials. In oncology, the endpoint is usually binary (response to treatment). For few years, phase II trials have considered time-to-event data as primary endpoint e.g. progression-free survival. In this work, we studied two-stage designs with futility stop with binary or time-to-event endpoints. In real life, phase II trials deviate from the protocol when patient evaluation is no longer feasible (because of intercurrent event) or when the follow-up is too short. The goal of this work is to evaluate the consequences of these deviations on the planned design and to propose some alternative ways to analyze or plan the trials. This work has two main parts. The first one deals with binary endpoints when some unevaluable patients occur and the second one studies time-to-event endpoints with a reduced follow-up. With binary endpoints, the Simon’s plan is the most often used design in oncology. In Simon’s plans, response at a clinical time point should be available for all the included patients. Therefore, should be analyzed the trial when some patients are unevaluable? What are the consequences of these unevaluable patients on the operating characteristics of the design? Several strategies have been studied (exclusion, replacement, use unevaluable patients as treatment failures), our simulations show that none of these strategies preserve type I and type II error rates planned in the protocol. So, a « rescue » strategy has been proposed by computing the stopping boundaries from the conditional probability of responding for an evaluable patient under null and alternative hypotheses. Although there is less information than required by the protocol, simulations show that the “rescue” strategy minimizes the deviations of type I and type II error rates. For the last decades, several time-to-event designs have been developed. The naive approach established a Simon’s plan with progression-free survival rates estimated by crude rates at clinical time-point. In 2005, Case and Morgan proposed a design comparing progression-free survival rates calculated by Nelson and Aalen estimates. Failure times were incorporated in the estimates but the comparison was defined at a pre-specified time point. Considering the whole follow-up, Kwak et al. proposed to use one-sample log-rank test to compare an observed survival curve to a theoretical survival curve. The maximum amount of information is integrated into this design. Therefore, the design reduces the sample size. In the Kwak’s design, patients must be followed from their inclusions to the end of the trial (no loss to follow-up). In some cases (good prognosis, long duration trial), this hypothesis seems unrealistic and a modification of the Kwak’s design integrating reduced follow-up has been proposed. This restriction has been compared to the original design of Kwak in several censoring scenario. The two new methods have been illustrated using some phase II clinical trials planned in the Institut Curie. They demonstrate the interest of these methods in real life

Acceptansen av det aktivitetsabaserade kontoret

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om acceptansen av det aktivitetsbaserade kontoret har förändrats under de senaste åren och vilka faktorer som skulle kunna förklara detta. Covid-19 pandemin fick många tjänstemän att behöva övergå till att arbeta på distans vilket har lett till nya insikter angående det flexibla arbetet. Nya lärdomar har givit upphov till nya preferenser och därmed har en diskussion om vilket kontorskoncept som är mest lämpligt för att bemöta den efterfrågade flexibiliteten blivit aktuell. Genom att utföra intervjuer och analysera en Employee Preference Report kunde både primär- och sekundärdata användas för att besvara forskningsfrågan. Utifrån den empiri som samlats in och analyserats kunde det konstateras att acceptansen mot det aktivitetsbaserade kontoret tycks ha ökat. Resultatet visar att detta kan bero på att konceptet tillåter den anställde att arbeta mindre platsbundet samtidigt som det erbjuder en gemensam arbetsplats vilken stödjer innovation och samarbete