Consenso colombiano de atención, diagnóstico y manejo de la infección por SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 en establecimientos de atención de la salud Recomendaciones basadas en consenso de expertos e informadas en la evidencia

The “Asociación Colombiana de Infectología” (ACIN) and the “Instituto de Evaluación de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Salud” (IETS) created a task force to develop recommendations for Covid 19 health care diagnosis, management and treatment informed, and based, on evidence. Theses reccomendations are addressed to the health personnel on the Colombian context of health services. © 2020 Asociacion Colombiana de Infectologia. All rights reserved

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Prevention of Recurrent Attacks of Hereditary Angioedema (HAE): Berotralstat and Its Oral Bioavailability

Maximiliano Diaz-Menindez,1 Dan Morgenstern-Kaplan,2 Lyda Cuervo-Pardo,3 Santiago Alvarez-Arango,4,5 Alexei Gonzalez-Estrada6 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami/Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, USA; 3Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 4Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 5Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 6Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USACorrespondence: Alexei Gonzalez-Estrada, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA, Tel +1 480-301-4284, Fax +1 480-301-4041, Email [email protected]: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a condition characterized by episodes of cutaneous and submucosal edema. Angioedema of the extremities and abdominal attacks are the most common manifestations of the disease. It can also affect the upper airways with the potential of becoming life-threatening. The two most common causes of HAE are a deficiency of C1 inhibitor (classified as type 1 HAE) or a dysfunction of C1 inhibitor (type 2 HAE). A malfunction or deficiency of C1 inhibitor leads to an overactivated plasma kallikrein (an inflammatory vasoactive peptide), that increases bradykinin, mediating the angioedema episodes in patients with HAE. To minimize the difficulties of this pathology and to improve patients’ quality of life, prevention of this condition is essential. Berotralstat is a unique option for oral administration for routine prophylaxis. This drug acts by binding to kallikrein and reducing its plasma activity, lowering bradykinin levels. Open-label studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a single daily dose of berotralstat 150 mg in preventing HAE attacks. This review aims to examine studies performed to elucidate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of berotralstat.Keywords: hereditary angioedema, berotralsta

Youtube and Eosinophilic Esophagitis: an Assessment of the Educational Quality of Information

Introduction: Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) is a rare allergic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1-4 in every 10,000 individuals in the United States. With the dramatic increase in prevalence of EoE in recent years and the increasing use of the internet as a source of health care information, we sought to evaluate the educational quality of EoE videos on YouTube. Methods: We performed a YouTube search using the keyword “eosinophilic esophagitis” from September 8-27, 2016. All available videos were included and analyzed for video characteristics, source, and content. Source was further classified as health-care provider, alternative-medicine provider, patient and/or patient\u27s parents, company, media, or professional society. A scoring system was created based on current guidelines to evaluate the quality of information (-10 to +30 points).Negative points were assigned for misleading information. Six blinded reviewers scored each video independently. Results: Two hundred and nine videos were analyzed, with a median of 507 views, 1 like, 0 dislikes, and 0 comments. More video presenters were male (50.9%), and the most commonly depicted race was Caucasian (73.6%). The most common type of video source was professional society (39.7%), and the least represented video source was company and media (8.6%). Among the four video sources, the mean scores showed a statistically significant difference from each other (pConclusion: Youtube videos on EoE were shown to be a poor source of valid health care information. Videos by health care providers were a better source of information compared to other sources. This study reiterates the need for higher quality educational videos on EoE by the medical community

YouTube and Eosinophilic Esophagitis: An Assessment of the Educational Quality of Information

Introduction: Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) is a rare allergic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1-4 in every 10,000 individuals in the United States. With the dramatic increase in prevalence of EoE in recent years and the increasing use of the internet as a source of health care information, we sought to evaluate the educational quality of EoE videos on YouTube. Methods: We performed a YouTube search using the keyword “eosinophilic esophagitis” from September 8-27, 2016. All available videos were included and analyzed for video characteristics, source, and content. Source was further classified as health-care provider, alternative-medicine provider, patient and/or patient\u27s parents, company, media, or professional society. A scoring system was created based on current guidelines to evaluate the quality of information (-10 to +30 points).Negative points were assigned for misleading information. Six blinded reviewers scored each video independently. Results: Two hundred and nine videos were analyzed, with a median of 507 views, 1 like, 0 dislikes, and 0 comments. More video presenters were male (50.9%), and the most commonly depicted race was Caucasian (73.6%). The most common type of video source was professional society (39.7%), and the least represented video source was company and media (8.6%). Among the four video sources, the mean scores showed a statistically significant difference from each other (pConclusion: Youtube videos on EoE were shown to be a poor source of valid health care information. Videos by health care providers were a better source of information compared to other sources. This study reiterates the need for higher quality educational videos on EoE by the medical community

YouTube and Food Allergy: An Appraisal of the Educational Quality of Information

Zufferey Nicolas. Hans van Ess, Politik und Gelehrsamkeit in der Zeit der Han. Die Alttext/Neutext-Kontroverse (Politique et lettres à l'époque Han. La controverse entre textes anciens et textes modernes), Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 1993. In: Études chinoises, vol. 16, n°1, Printemps 1997. pp. 145-153