Development of visceral and subcutaneous-abdominal adipose tissue in breastfed infants during first year of lactation

This study aimed to investigate relationships between infant abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and human milk (HM) components and maternal body composition (BC) during first year of lactation. Subcutaneous-abdominal depth (SAD), subcutaneous-abdominal fat area (SFA), visceral depth (VD) and preperitoneal fat area of 20 breastfed infants were assessed at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months using ultrasound. Maternal BC was determined with bioimpedance spectroscopy. HM macronutrients and bioactive components concentrations and infant 24-h milk intake were measured and calculated daily intakes (CDI) determined. Maternal adiposity associated with infant SFA (negatively at 2, 5, 12, positively at 9 months, all overall p < 0.05). 24-h milk intake positively associated with infant SAD (p = 0.007) and VD (p = 0.013). CDI of total protein (p = 0.013), total carbohydrates (p = 0.004) and lactose (p = 0.013) positively associated with SFA. Lactoferrin concentration associated with infant VD (negatively at 2, 12, positively at 5, 9 months, overall p = 0.003). CDI of HM components and maternal adiposity have differential effects on development of infant visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adiposity. Maintaining healthy maternal BC and continuing breastfeeding to 12 months and beyond may facilitate favourable BC development reducing risk of obesity

Transforming growth factor beta in human milk and allergic outcomes in children: A systematic review

BACKGROUND: Human milk (HM) transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is critical for inflammation regulation and oral tolerance promotion. Previous reports suggested that variations in HM TGF-β levels are associated with allergic outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We undertook a systematic review (PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017069920) to reassess the evidence on the relationships between HM TGF-β and allergic outcomes in children. METHODS: Electronic bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library) were systematically searched. Two independent reviewers screened reference lists, extracted the data and assessed risk of bias using the National Institute for Clinical Excellence methodological checklist. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies were identified. Sixteen studies assessed relationships between HM TGF-β and risk of eczema; 14, allergic sensitisation; 9, wheezing/asthma; 6, food allergy; 3, allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis. Five cohorts (5/18, 28%) reported a protective effect of TGF-β1, while 3 (3/10, 30%) suggested increased risk of allergic outcomes development and 1 (1/10, 10%), a protective effect of TGF-β2 on eczema. Meta-analysis was not possible due to significant heterogeneity in methodology, age of outcome assessment and differing statistical approaches. 71% (15/21) of studies carried a high risk of bias. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In contrast with previous findings we did not find strong evidence of associations between HM TGF-β and allergic outcomes. Differences in studies' methodology and outcomes do not allow unconditional rejection or acceptance of the hypothesis that HM TGF-β influences the risk of allergy development. Future studies on diverse populations employing standardised methods, accurate phenotyping of outcomes and evaluation of the effect of TGF-β in combination with other HM immune markers, microbiome and oligosaccharides are required

Human milk macronutrients and bioactive molecules and development of regional fat depots in Western Australian infants during the first 12 months of lactation

We investigated associations between intakes of human milk (HM) components (macronutrients and biologically active molecules) and regional fat depots development in healthy term infants (n = 20) across the first year of lactation. Infant limb (mid-arm and mid-thigh) lean and fat areas were assessed by ultrasound imaging at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of age. Concentrations of HM total protein, whey protein, casein, adiponectin, leptin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, secretory IGA, total carbohydrates, lactose, HM oligosaccharides (total HMO, calculated) and infant 24-h milk intake were measured, and infant calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM components were determined. This pilot study shows higher 24-h milk intake was associated with a larger mid-arm fat area (p = 0.024), higher breastfeeding frequency was associated with larger mid-arm (p = 0.008) and mid-thigh (p < 0.001) fat areas. Lysozyme (p = 0.001) and HMO CDI (p = 0.004) were time-dependently associated with the mid-arm fat area. Intakes of HM components and breastfeeding parameters may modulate infant limb fat depots development during the first year of age and potentially promote favorable developmental programming of infant body composition; however, further studies are needed to confirm these findings

ХИМИОТЕРАПИЯ ГОРМОНОРЕЗИСТЕНТНОГО РАКА ПРЕДСТАТЕЛЬНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ

Second-line hormonal therapy, chemo- and glucocorticosteroid therapy, treatment with aminog-lutetimides, ketoconazole, suramin, target agents, and vaccines may be singled out among the basic treatments for hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). There is a search for a new ef-fective therapy for HRPC, which is associated with the development of new regimens based on docetaxel in combination with target therapy and new classes of antitumor drugs, which shows promise of improving the results of treatment for this disease.Среди основных методов лечения гормонорезистентного рака предстательной железы (ГРРПЖ) можно выделить гормональную терапию 2-й линии, химио- и глюкокортикостероидную терапию, лечение аминоглютетимидами, кетоконазоломом, сурамином, таргетными препаратами и вакцинотерапию. Ведется поиск новой эффективной терапии ГРРПЖ, связанный с разработкой новых схем на основе доцетаксела в комбинации с таргетной терапией и новыми классами противоопухолевых препаратов, что позволяет надеяться на улучшение результатов лечения этого заболевания

ДЕПО-ФОРМА ЛЕЙПРОРЕЛИНА АЦЕТАТА (ЭЛИГАРД) В ЛЕЧЕНИИ РАКА ПРЕДСТАТЕЛЬНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ: ЧТО ВЫИГРЫВАЮТ ПАЦИЕНТЫ?

Eligard (leupropelin acetate, Atrigel delivery system) is a synthetic analogue of luteinizing-hormone-realizing hormone (LHRH), which causes a rapid reduction in the level of testosterone to the concentration comparable with that after surgical castration. Eligard demonstrated a considerable advantage over other LHRH analogues in the depth of androgenic suppression and in the frequency of transient increases in testosterone levels at the beginning and during therapy. Eligard is available as 1-, 3-, and 6-month depot formulations, which allows a flexible approach to be applied to individually making up a therapy regimen. Eligard is as effective as castration therapy techniques. Treatment with this drug shows the low frequency of side effects and is well tolerated by patients.Элигард (лейпрорелина ацетат, система доставки Атригель) - синтетический аналог лютеинизирующего гормона рилизинг- гормона (ЛГРГ), вызывающий быстрое снижение уровня тестостерона до концентрации, сравнимой с таковой после хирургической кастрации. Элигард продемонстрировал значительное преимущество в отношении глубины андрогенной супрессии, а также частоты транзиторных повышений уровня тестостерона в начале и на фоне лечения перед другими аналогами ЛГРГ. Элигард доступен в виде 1-, 3- и 6-месячной депо-форм, что предоставляет возможность гибкого подхода к индивидуальному формированию режима терапии. Эффективность Элигарда не уступает методам кастрационной терапии. Лечение Элигардом ассоциировано с низкой частотой побочных эффектов и хорошо переносится больными

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Human milk lactose, insulin, and glucose relative to infant body composition during exclusive breastfeeding

Human milk (HM) components may influence infant growth and development. This study aimed to investigate relationships between infant body composition (BC) and HM lactose, insulin, and glucose (concentrations and calculated daily intakes (CDI)) as well as 24-h milk intake and maternal BC at 3 months postpartum. HM samples were collected at 2 months postpartum. Infant and maternal BC was assessed with bioimpedance spectroscopy. Statistical analysis used linear regression accounting for infant birth weight. 24-h milk intake and CDI of lactose were positively associated with infant anthropometry, lean body mass and adiposity. Higher maternal BC measures were associated with lower infant anthropometry, z-scores, lean body mass, and adiposity. Maternal characteristics including BC and age were associated with concentrations and CDI of HM components, and 24-h milk intake. In conclusion, 24-h intake of HM and lactose as well as maternal adiposity are related to development of infant BC