Expert System for Diseases Occur due to Diabetes

This paper explains expert system which will be able to fully diagnoses and treat the diseases caused by diabetes. For example Pancreas, Thyroid and Parathyroid glands are some diseases caused by diabetes. Furthermore, the expert system will give first aids in emergency cases caused by diabetes. Since, diabetes diseases are widely spreads in the India; we chose it to be the primary target from the diabetes diseases. Our expert system is not meant to replace the human physician but using such system may be useful in cases like overcoming the problems of the shortage in human physicians and accuracy and speed in processing facts. This system can be used to help the physician in their work

Prevalence of obesity and overweight among school children of Pune city, Maharashtra, India: a cross sectional study

Background: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality as well as reduced life expectancy. The last two decade of previous century have witnessed dramatic increase in health care cost due to obesity and related issues among children and adolescents. The objective of the study was to find out prevalence of obesity and overweight among school children.Methods: The present cross sectional study was undertaken during July 2009 to April 2011 in randomly selected 4 schools of Pune city. Total 1281 children between the age group of 10 to 15 years were examined after taking written informed consent of their parents using pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured performa. Anthropometric measurements were taken and BMI were calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were determined based on the IOTF (International Obesity Task Force) criteria. Thus collected data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Open- Epi Software. (Version 2.3)Results: Out of 1281 children, 704 were from government schools and 577 were from private schools. Out of total children 54.09% were males. According to Modified Kuppuswamy Classification, all children of Private Schools belonged to Upper Class whereas it was so only in 27.41% of Government School children who belonged maximally to Upper Middle Class 378 (67.5%). Prevalence of obesity and overweight among children of government school was 2.98% and 8.23% respectively. Prevalence of obesity and overweight among children of private school was 8.83% and 12.13% respectively. Prevalence of both obesity and overweight was found to be maximum in 15 years age group both in Government schools and private schools. Overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 5.62% and 9.99% respectively.Conclusions: High prevalence of obesity and overweight in school children indicate an urgent need to increase awareness via education and motivation of all stakeholders. This will go a long way in preventing childhood obesity and thus ultimately stemming the rising tide of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardio vascular disease in India.

Determinants of obesity and overweight among school children of Pune city, Maharashtra, India: a cross sectional study

Background: Obesity  is  associated  with  an  increased  risk  of  morbidity  and  mortality  as  well  as  reduced   life  expectancy. The  last  two  decade  of  previous  century  have  witnessed  dramatic  increase  in  health  care  cost  due  to  obesity  and  related  issues  among  children  and  adolescents.The main objective of the study was to find out determinants of obesity and overweight among school children.Methods: The present cross sectional study was undertaken during July 2009 to April 2011 in   randomly selected 4 schools of Pune city, India. Total 1281 children between the age group of 10 to 15 years were examined after taking written informed consent of their parents using pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured performa. Anthropometric measurements were taken and BMI were calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were determined based on the IOTF (International Obesity Task Force) criteria. Various determinants of obesity and overweight were studied by interviewing children. Thus collected data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Open- Epi Software (Version 2.3).Results: Out of 1281 children, 54.09% were males. Overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 5.62% and 9.99% respectively. The  prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight  was  significantly higher  amongst  less  active group  (9.3 %  and  13.95%, respectively) as  compared  to  more  active  group. Prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight  was  significantly higher   in  the group  of children who spent >3 hours for study  and  who  spent >2 hours  daily   in  front  of  television  or  computers. The  prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight  was significantly  higher  amongst  group of children who  took  daily  calories  above RDA (18.57%  and  15.19%  , respectively)  as  compared  to  the  other  group. The  prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight   was  significantly higher  in  them (8.91%  and  13.36%)  as compared  to    those  who  took  junk  food  less  than  or  equal  to  2  times  per  week (1.71%  and  5.98%,respectively). The  prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight  among  children  having  parents  with history  of  obesity   was  46.15%  and  17.94%, respectively which  was  significantly   higher  than those  without  parental  history  of  obesity (4.34%  and  9.74%).Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity and overweight was significantly higher in children with sedentary lifestyle, high consumption of junk food and high calorie diet with positive family history of obesity.

Prevalence of hypertension and its association with obesity among school children of Pune city, Maharashtra, India: a cross sectional study

Background:There   are numerous   psychological, physical and economic consequences of obesity. Conditions such  as type 2 diabetes  mellitus, hypertension  and  hypercholesterolemia, which were  noted  primarily  in  adults,  are  becoming  more  common among  children  with the  increase  in  the  prevalence  of  obesity. The objective of the study was to find out prevalence of hypertension and its association with obesity among school children.Methods: The present cross sectional study was undertaken during July 2009 to April 2011 in   randomly selected 4 schools of Pune city. Total 1281 children between the age group of 10 to 15 years were examined after taking written informed consent of their parents using pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured performa. Anthropometric measurements were taken and BMI were calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were determined based on the IOTF (International Obesity Task Force) criteria. Blood pressure was measured in the left arm to the nearest 1 mmHg using an electronic machine (Omron Corporation Tokyo, Japan), with the participant seated in a relaxed position. Thus collected data was analyzed using   Microsoft Excel and Open- Epi Software. (Version 2.3)Results: Out of 1281 children, 54.09% were males. Overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 5.62% and 9.99% respectively. Overall, amongst  200  obese  and  overweight  children  identified, prevalence  of  hypertension   was  6%  and  that  of  pre hypertension   was  4.5% as  compared  to 1.25%  and  1.5% ,respectively among the normal  weight  children. Mean MAC (Mid Upper Arm Circumference) of obese and overweight was 24.8 cm and that of Normal weight children, was 19.1cm with standard deviations of 2.8 and 2.4 cm, respectively.  Average Waist-Hip ratio of obese and overweight was 0.87 and that of normal weight children, was 0.80. Mean SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure) of obese and overweight was 111 mm Hg and that of normal weight children was 107 mm of Hg. Mean DBP (Diastolic Blood Pressure) of obese and overweight was 73 mm of Hg and that of normal weight was 69 mm of Hg.Conclusions: Anthropometric measurements like Waist Hip Ratio, MAC and mean SBP and DBP among obese and overweight group of children were significantly higher as compared to normal weight group of children.

Investigating the relation between gravitational wave tests of general relativity

Gravitational wave observations of compact binary coalescences provide precision probes of strong-field gravity. There is thus now a standard set of null tests of general relativity (GR) applied to LIGO-Virgo detections and many more such tests proposed. However, the relation between all these tests is not yet well understood. We start to investigate this by applying a set of standard tests to simulated observations of binary black holes in GR and with phenomenological deviations from GR. The phenomenological deviations include self-consistent modifications to the energy flux in an effective-one-body (EOB) model, the deviations used in the second post-Newtonian (2PN) TIGER and FTA parameterized tests, and the dispersive propagation due to a massive graviton. We consider four types of tests: residuals, inspiral-merger-ringdown consistency, parameterized (TIGER and FTA), and modified dispersion relation. We also check the consistency of the unmodeled reconstruction of the waveforms with the waveform recovered using GR templates. These tests are applied to simulated observations similar to GW150914 with both large and small deviations from GR and similar to GW170608 just with small deviations from GR. We find that while very large deviations from GR are picked up with high significance by almost all tests, more moderate deviations are picked up by only a few tests, and some deviations are not recognized as GR violations by any test at the moderate signal-to-noise ratios we consider. Moreover, the tests that identify various deviations with high significance are not necessarily the expected ones. We also find that the 2PN (1PN) TIGER and FTA tests recover much smaller deviations than the true values in the modified EOB (massive graviton) case. Additionally, we find that of the GR deviations we consider, the residuals test is only able to detect extreme deviations from GR. (Abridged

Electrohydrodynamics within electrical double layer in a pressure-driven flow in presence of finite temperature gradients

A wide spectrum of electrokinetic studies is modelled as isothermal ones to expedite analysis even when such conditions may be extremely difficult to realize in practice. As a clear and novel departure from this trend, we address the case of flow-induced electrohydrodynamics, commonly referred to as streaming potential, in a situation where finite temperature gradients do indeed exist. By way of analysing a model problem of flow through a narrow parallel plate channel, we show that the temperature gradients have a significant effect on the streaming potential, and, consequently, on the flow itself. We incorporate thermoelectric effects in our model by a full-fledged coupling among the electric potential, the ionic species distribution, the fluid velocity and the local fluid temperature fields without resorting to ad hoc simplifications. We expect this expository study to contribute towards more sophisticated future inquiries into practical micro-/nano-fluidic applications coupling thermal field focusing with electrokinetic effects.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure

First narrow-band search for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in advanced detector data

Spinning neutron stars asymmetric with respect to their rotation axis are potential sources of continuous gravitational waves for ground-based interferometric detectors. In the case of known pulsars a fully coherent search, based on matched filtering, which uses the position and rotational parameters obtained from electromagnetic observations, can be carried out. Matched filtering maximizes the signalto- noise (SNR) ratio, but a large sensitivity loss is expected in case of even a very small mismatch between the assumed and the true signal parameters. For this reason, narrow-band analysis methods have been developed, allowing a fully coherent search for gravitational waves from known pulsars over a fraction of a hertz and several spin-down values. In this paper we describe a narrow-band search of 11 pulsars using data from Advanced LIGO’s first observing run. Although we have found several initial outliers, further studies show no significant evidence for the presence of a gravitational wave signal. Finally, we have placed upper limits on the signal strain amplitude lower than the spin-down limit for 5 of the 11 targets over the bands searched; in the case of J1813-1749 the spin-down limit has been beaten for the first time. For an additional 3 targets, the median upper limit across the search bands is below the spin-down limit. This is the most sensitive narrow-band search for continuous gravitational waves carried out so far

First measurement of the Hubble Constant from a Dark Standard Siren using the Dark Energy Survey Galaxies and the LIGO/Virgo Binary–Black-hole Merger GW170814

International audienceWe present a multi-messenger measurement of the Hubble constant H 0 using the binary–black-hole merger GW170814 as a standard siren, combined with a photometric redshift catalog from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The luminosity distance is obtained from the gravitational wave signal detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)/Virgo Collaboration (LVC) on 2017 August 14, and the redshift information is provided by the DES Year 3 data. Black hole mergers such as GW170814 are expected to lack bright electromagnetic emission to uniquely identify their host galaxies and build an object-by-object Hubble diagram. However, they are suitable for a statistical measurement, provided that a galaxy catalog of adequate depth and redshift completion is available. Here we present the first Hubble parameter measurement using a black hole merger. Our analysis results in , which is consistent with both SN Ia and cosmic microwave background measurements of the Hubble constant. The quoted 68% credible region comprises 60% of the uniform prior range [20, 140] km s−1 Mpc−1, and it depends on the assumed prior range. If we take a broader prior of [10, 220] km s−1 Mpc−1, we find (57% of the prior range). Although a weak constraint on the Hubble constant from a single event is expected using the dark siren method, a multifold increase in the LVC event rate is anticipated in the coming years and combinations of many sirens will lead to improved constraints on H 0