Retrieval Methods for Historic Corpora in non-standard Spelling

Die Anzahl von digitalen Bibliotheken, die auch historische Volltexte enthalten, steigt immer weiter. Damit einhergehend wächst auch die Anzahl an digital verfügbaren historischen Dokumenten. Trotzdem gestaltet sich die Suche nach diesen Dokumenten immer noch schwierig. Aufgrund fehlender Standardisierung der Rechtschreibung ist es vielfach nicht möglich, mit Suchbegriffen in heutiger Sprache historische Texte zu finden. Diese Thematik ist vor allem bei Sprachen relevant, deren Rechtschreibung erst spät standardisiert wurde, wie z. B. Deutsch und Englisch. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neuer Ansatz für Retrieval in Texten mit nicht standardisierter Rechtschreibung entwickelt. Es wird ein Algorithmus beschrieben, der den Benutzer bei der Suche in digitalen Bibliotheken unterstützt. Basierend auf Belegpaaren aus aktueller und historischer Schreibung generiert der Algorithmus probabilistische Regeln. Mit diesen werden Varianten eines Suchbegriffes in historischer Schreibung generiert. Dargestellt wird die Gesamtarchitektur der Suchmaschine einschließlich der Evaluierung. Ausgehend von einem Suchbegriff in Grundform wird ein aktuelles deutsches Wörterbuch benutzt, um die zugehörigen Vollformen zu finden. Auf die gefundenen Vollformen werden die generierten Transformationsregeln angewendet, um die historischen Wortformen zu bilden. Die Experimente zeigen, dass sich die Retrievalqualität von historischen Kollektionen durch den vorgestellten Ansatz stark verbessert. Somit kann er den Benutzer in seiner täglichen Arbeit deutlich entlasten. Eine sehr große Anzahl historischer Dokumente, die bisher trotz ihrer Digitalisierung nicht sinnvoll durchsucht werden konnten, werden nun verschiedensten Benutzergruppen --- vom Laien bis zum Historiker --- besser zugänglich. Mit Hilfe des im Anschluss entwickelten Verfahrens zur automatischen Erstellung der Belege ist es zusätzlich möglich, den Engpass bei der Regelerstellung aufzulösen. Das Verfahren wurde in den entwickelten RuleGenerator integriert. Dieser stellt eine Benutzeroberfläche zur Verfügung, die dem Anwender die Generierung und Bearbeitung von Belegen und Regeln ermöglicht.The number of digital historical collections is continually growing. But even though full text is available, many documents can not be found because they are using a non-standard spelling. Most users will enter search terms in their contemporary language which differs from the historic language in the documents. This topic is most notably relevant for languages that have been standardised late, e. g. German and English. This thesis presents a new approach for retrieval of texts with non-standard spelling. For this purpose a new algorithm is described in order to support the user when searching in digital libraries. Based on evidences in contemporary and historical spelling the algorithm is generating probabilistic rules. These are used to generate historic variants of the search term. The overall architecture of the system including the evaluation is described. Given a search term as a lemma, a dictionary of contemporary German is used for finding all inflected and derived forms of the lemma. Then transformation rules (derived from training data) are applied in order to generate the historic spelling variants. The experimental results show that the retrieval quality for historic collections could be improved substantially. Thus the user can considerably be relieved in his daily work. Many historic documents could not be searched appropriately until now, even though they have been digitized. Hence they are much better accessible to different user groups ---­ from the linguist to the historian. The afterwards developed approach for automatically accepted evidences solves the bottleneck within the rule development process. The method has been integrated into the RuleGenerator an interactive tool for collecting evidences and a user driven rule generation process where the user can also modify generated rules and create rules on his own

Slugs from Brazil

21 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. 17-21)

Injection of gases into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95018/1/jgrd10245.pd

Checklist of the subfamily Adoncholaiminae Gerlach and Riemann, 1974 (Nematoda: Oncholaimida: Oncholaimidae) of the world: genera, species, distribution, and reference list for taxonomists and ecologists

Adoncholaiminae is one of the seven subfamilies in the free-living aquatic nematode family Oncholaimidae. Nematodes in Adoncholaiminae are found from various water environment of the world. However, a checklist of all Adoncholaiminae species including full literature, especially information of experimental (not taxonomic) works, has not been updated for more than 40 years. A revised checklist of the subfamily Adoncholaiminae of the world is provided. It contains 31 valid and 13 invalid species names in four genera with synonyms, collection records, and full literature from 1860's to 2015 for each species. A literature survey of total 477 previous papers was conducted in this work, and 362 of them are newly added to checklist

Measurement of the inclusive and dijet cross-sections of b-jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive and dijet production cross-sections have been measured for jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements use data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb^-1. The b-jets are identified using either a lifetime-based method, where secondary decay vertices of b-hadrons in jets are reconstructed using information from the tracking detectors, or a muon-based method where the presence of a muon is used to identify semileptonic decays of b-hadrons inside jets. The inclusive b-jet cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum in the range 20 < pT < 400 GeV and rapidity in the range |y| < 2.1. The bbbar-dijet cross-section is measured as a function of the dijet invariant mass in the range 110 < m_jj < 760 GeV, the azimuthal angle difference between the two jets and the angular variable chi in two dijet mass regions. The results are compared with next-to-leading-order QCD predictions. Good agreement is observed between the measured cross-sections and the predictions obtained using POWHEG + Pythia. MC@NLO + Herwig shows good agreement with the measured bbbar-dijet cross-section. However, it does not reproduce the measured inclusive cross-section well, particularly for central b-jets with large transverse momenta.Comment: 10 pages plus author list (21 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version published in European Physical Journal

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration

Observation of associated near-side and away-side long-range correlations in √sNN=5.02 TeV proton-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector

Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle (Δϕ) and pseudorapidity (Δη) are measured in √sNN=5.02  TeV p+Pb collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements are performed using approximately 1  μb-1 of data as a function of transverse momentum (pT) and the transverse energy (ΣETPb) summed over 3.1<η<4.9 in the direction of the Pb beam. The correlation function, constructed from charged particles, exhibits a long-range (2<|Δη|<5) “near-side” (Δϕ∼0) correlation that grows rapidly with increasing ΣETPb. A long-range “away-side” (Δϕ∼π) correlation, obtained by subtracting the expected contributions from recoiling dijets and other sources estimated using events with small ΣETPb, is found to match the near-side correlation in magnitude, shape (in Δη and Δϕ) and ΣETPb dependence. The resultant Δϕ correlation is approximately symmetric about π/2, and is consistent with a dominant cos⁡2Δϕ modulation for all ΣETPb ranges and particle pT

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results

Jet size dependence of single jet suppression in lead-lead collisions at sqrt(s(NN)) = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

Measurements of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions at the LHC provide direct sensitivity to the physics of jet quenching. In a sample of lead-lead collisions at sqrt(s) = 2.76 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 7 inverse microbarns, ATLAS has measured jets with a calorimeter over the pseudorapidity interval |eta| < 2.1 and over the transverse momentum range 38 < pT < 210 GeV. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-kt algorithm with values for the distance parameter that determines the nominal jet radius of R = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. The centrality dependence of the jet yield is characterized by the jet "central-to-peripheral ratio," Rcp. Jet production is found to be suppressed by approximately a factor of two in the 10% most central collisions relative to peripheral collisions. Rcp varies smoothly with centrality as characterized by the number of participating nucleons. The observed suppression is only weakly dependent on jet radius and transverse momentum. These results provide the first direct measurement of inclusive jet suppression in heavy ion collisions and complement previous measurements of dijet transverse energy imbalance at the LHC.Comment: 15 pages plus author list (30 pages total), 8 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Physics Letters B. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/HION-2011-02