Baroclinic instability with variable gravity: A perturbation analysis

Solutions for a quasigeostrophic baroclinic stability problem in which gravity is a function of height were obtained. Curvature and horizontal shear of the basic state flow were omitted and the vertical and horizontal temperature gradients of the basic state were taken as constant. The effect of a variable dielectric body force, analogous to gravity, on baroclinic instability for the design of a spherical, baroclinic model for Spacelab was determined. Such modeling could not be performed in a laboratory on the Earth's surface because the body force could not be made strong enough to dominate terrestrial gravity. A consequence of the body force variation and the preceding assumptions was that the potential vorticity gradient of the basic state vanished. The problem was solved using a perturbation method. The solution gives results which are qualitatively similar to Eady's results for constant gravity; a short wavelength cutoff and a wavelength of maximum growth rate were observed. The averaged values of the basic state indicate that both the wavelength range of the instability and the growth rate at maximum instability are increased. Results indicate that the presence of the variable body force will not significantly alter the dynamics of the Spacelab experiment. The solutions are also relevant to other geophysical fluid flows where gravity is constant but the static stability or Brunt-Vaisala frequency is a function of height

A Method for Knowledge Engineering in Clinical Decision Making

The purpose of this study was to validate the problem behavior evaluation section of an expert system computer program, Class.BO. Class.BO was developed to assist special education personnel in determining whether students qualify for special education services as behaviorally disordered/severely emotionally disturbed students. The subjects were six Utah who regularly individuals from the state of 1) work with behaviorally disordered/severely emotionally disturbed students and 2) participate in multidisciplinary assessment teams. Three of the subjects were special educators, and three were school psychologists. Specifically, this study investigated the impact of five behavioral factors on the subjects\u27 ratings of the seriousness of problem behaviors. The five behavioral factors were 1) the severity or nature of the problem behavior, 2) the frequency with which the problem behavior occurs, 3) the duration over which the problem behavior has been occurring, 4) the generality of the problem behavior or the number of school environments the behavior occurs in , and 5) the percentage of the student\u27s peers who engage in the same behavior. For each behavioral factor, three levels of that factor were determined: high, moderate, and low. Problem behavior descriptions were developed by the researcher, each of which presented the five behavioral factors at a predetermined combination of levels. Of 65 problem behavior descriptions, 3 3 described externalized problem behaviors and 32 described internalized problem behaviors. Subjects were asked to rate the seriousness of each problem behavior description on an 11 point scale, where l=mild and ll=severe. The results showed high levels of agreement among subjects on ratings of seriousness of problem behaviors. There was also high agreement between the subjects\u27 ratings and ratings generated by the Class.BO expert system. Thus, Class. BD was validated. Further, the subjects gave highly similar ratings to descriptions of externalized and internalized problem behaviors. The results also indicated that the severity of the problem behaviors had the most impact on subjects\u27 ratings. Subjects discriminated three levels of severity but only two levels of frequency, duration, generality, and percentage of peers. Finally, the results provided support for the use of analysis of variance as a viable method of knowledge engineering, i.e., extracting information about how experts make decisions. Its superiority over traditional interview methods is discussed

How Models Are Used to Represent Reality

Most recent philosophical thought about the scientific representation of the world has focused on dyadic relationships between language-like entities and the world, particularly the semantic relationships of reference and truth. Drawing inspiration from diverse sources, I argue that we should focus on the pragmatic activity of representing, so that the basic representational relationship has the form: Scientists use models to represent aspects of the world for specific purposes. Leaving aside the terms “law ” and “theory, ” I distinguish principles, specific conditions, models, hypotheses, and generalizations. I argue that scientists use designated similarities between models and aspects of the world to form both hypotheses and generalizations. 1. Introduction. Within the philosophy of scienc

A Transpacific Peace Movement: Encounters Between American and Japanese Peace Advocates 1889-1919

This thesis explores the making of a transpacific peace movement linking peace advocates in Japan and the United States in the early twentieth century. It is based on research in the peace history collections in the archives of Haverford College and Swarthmore College as well as the American Peace Society’s Advocate of Peace and other published primary sources. After tracing the development of a transatlantic peace movement in the nineteenth century and noting signs of a broadening of the pacifist outlook in such texts as Benjamin F. Trueblood’s The Federation of the World (1899), the thesis examines the work of American peace missionaries John Hyde DeForest and Gilbert Bowles in Japan in the early twentieth century. DeForest and Bowles supported the organization of peace advocates in Japan and opposed the agitation of anti-Japanese xenophobes in the U.S. Finally, the thesis reconstructs the life and advocacy of Seichi Emerson Ikemoto, a Japanese student and orator living in the U.S. He traveled and spoke widely in favor of peace and understanding between Japan and the U.S. as well as corresponded regularly with the American Peace Society secretary Benjamin F. Trueblood. In highlighting the cross-cultural exchange between these peace advocates and the challenge they offered to rising U.S.-Japan rivalry, the thesis contributes to a more global account of peace history before the First World War

The Interrelation of the Adrenal and Posterior Pituitary Glands in Water and Electrolyte Metabolism

The secretions of the adrenal medulla account for many of the instantaneous responses of the animal body to various stimuli, but it has not been established that such secretions play any significant role in the endocrine regulation of salt and water metabolism. On the other hand, it has been established that the adrenal cortex and the antidiuretic hormone of the posterior pituitary are intimately involved in such processes. Certain compounds of the amine type, among which are the adrenal medullary hormone, do have a dramatic action on water diuresis; but it is questioned whether these substances are involved in the physiological processes involving normal water metabolism (Eversole, et al., 1940,1942,1952; Gaunt, et al., 1945, 1949; Stein and Wertheimer, 1944)

An Intravenous Assay for Antidiuretic Substance

In recent years it has been our desire to evaluate the presence of antidiuretic substance (ADS) in the bloods of animals under various experimental conditions (Giere, 1951; Eversole, Giere and Rock, 1952; Giere and Eversole, 1954; Eversole and Giere, 1954). For these determinations we have used the method of Birnie, et al. (1950) and also Ames and van Dyke\u27s (1952) modification of the intravenous method of Jeffers, Livezey and Austin (1942). Although these technics are qualitatively accurate it has been our experience that they are oftentimes difficult to duplicate. The following technic is offered as a semi-quantitative procedure which can be duplicated by a practiced individual

A new glimpse of Day One : an intertextual history of Genesis 1.1-5 in Hebrew and Greek texts up to 200 CE

This thesis is an unconventional history of the interpretation of Day One, Genesis 1.1-5, in Hebrew and Greek texts up to c. 200 CE. Using the concept of ‘intertextuality’ as developed by Kristeva, Derrida, and others, the method for this historical exploration looks at the dynamic interconnectedness of texts. The results reach beyond deliberate exegetical and eisegetical interpretations of Day One to include intertextual, and therefore not necessarily deliberate, connections between texts. The purpose of the study is to gain a glimpse into the textual possibilities available to the ancient reader / interpreter. Central to the method employed is the identification of the intertexts of Day One. This is achieved, at least in part, by identifying and tracing flags that may draw the reader from one text to another. In this study these flags are called ‘intertextual markers’ and may be individual words, word-pairs, or small phrases that occur relatively infrequently within the corpus of texts being examined. The thesis first explores the intertextuality of Genesis 1.1-5 in the confines of the Hebrew Bible and the Septuagint. The second half of the thesis identifies and explores the intertexts of Day One in other Hebrew texts (e.g. the Dead Sea Scrolls, Sirach) and other Greek texts (e.g. Philo, the New Testament) up to c. 200 CE. The thesis concludes with a summation of some of the more prominent and surprising threads in this intertextual ‘tapestry’ of Day One. These summary threads include observations within the texts in a given language and a comparative look at the role of language in the intertextual history of Day One

Emancipation for Slaves or Emancipation for All: Women, Free Speech and the Abolition Movement

Women were active participants in the anti-slavery movement. They made up a large portion of professional abolitionists who traveled the country to educate the public on the perils of slavery. Unfortunately, their efforts were hindered by their gender, and it led to the restriction of their rights to speak publicly on the issue of slavery. This paper chronicles freedom of speech and the abolition movement and its impact on the women who fought for their rights to share in the emancipation fight. It’s a story about the efficacy of language and its impact on history and social change. The modern Women’s Rights Movement did not begin as a fight for equality, but as a fight for freedom of speech

Stability and Serviceability of Tailing Heaps With Visco-Plastic Materials

The tailings of potash mining are piled up in huge heaps with heights of up to more than 200 m and a ground area of often more than a square km. The material behaviour of the salt is strongly visco-plastic, so that the slopes of the heaps are moving constantly at slow rates. As the strength of the salt is rate-dependent, structural analysis of the slope stability has to consider the deformations and deformation rates and the interaction of subsoil and slope. Due to the complex material behaviour the structural analysis is accompanied by an extensive measuring programme within the Observational Method. The paper focuses on two slopes of tailing heaps, where huge deformations partly at accelerating deformation rates occurred, due to natural respectively man-made slip-surfaces in the subsoil. The deformation rates were critically high and deformations induced serviceability problems to infrastructure at the base of the slope. It is shown, how the restoration of the endangered slopes and infrastructure was established. The concept of restoration is based on both intensive measuring and numerical simulations