22 research outputs found
Thermal instability of monoalkyl esters of phthalic acid during their gas chromatographic separation
ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠ»-1,2-Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ) ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°) Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
(Π‘β-Π‘β) ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π· ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ) ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
.Monoalkyl esters of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic (phthalic) acid are the main metabolites (products of the partial hydrolysis) of dialkyl phthalates widely used as ingredients of polymeric compositions. Testing the possibilities of GC and GC-MS analysis of the simplest monoalkyl (Cβ-Cβ) esters indicates these compounds are thermally unstable and decompose in a chromatographic column during separation that may complicate their determination. The principal way of monoalkyl phthalate decomposition is similar to the known process of their pyrolysis with formation of corresponding alkanols and phthalic anhydride. It is concluded that GC analysis of these monoesters can be provided using short WCOT columns with thin layers of non-polar stationary phases at the smooth temperature ramps. It allows to reduce retention temperature of such analytes and, hence, to minimize their thermal decomposition. It is proposed that just the possibility of phthalic anhydride formation in the result of decomposition explains us high toxicity (including endocrine disruptions) of monoalkyl phthalates for mammals
Features of the gas chromatographic analysis of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² (ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.). ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
(BPX-1, RTX-5). Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π³Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ (ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Ρ), Π° Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ). Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² - ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»- ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ².The literature data indicates that the results of gas chromatographic analysis of such low-volatile polar compounds as aliphatic dicarboxylic acids are characterized by high irreproducibility. Most of the previously published GC retention indices seem to be very spread out and appear to be erroneous. Similar irreproducibility is typical for some other physicochemical properties of these acids, namely melting temperatures, water solubility, etc. The experimental testing of the possibilities of gas chromatographic and/or GC-MS analysis of simplest dicarboxylic acids using standard non-polar polydimethylsiloxane stationary phases (BPX-1, RTX-5) has been fulfilled. It indicates that some compounds of this series (e.g., glutaric acid) are determined without decomposition, for others the interaction with solvent is typical (oxalic acid), and in some cases the single compounds observed are the products of thermal destruction (citric acid). Namely, the analysis of the solution of oxalic acid in isopropyl alcohol permits us to detect two esters - monoisopropyl and diisopropyl oxalates
Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescentsβ growth and development
Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1β6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5β19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg mβ2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants
Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5β19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9β10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3Β·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changesβgaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or bothβoccurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants
Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30β79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30β79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306β359) million women and 317 (292β344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584β668) million women and 652 (604β698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55β62) of women and 49% (46β52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43β51) of women and 38% (35β41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20β27) for women and 18% (16β21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Funding WHO
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants
Background: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories.Methods: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age.Findings: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran.Interpretation: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings.Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier.</p
Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults
Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age β₯20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5β19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0Β·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0Β·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0Β·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0Β·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0Β·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0Β·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity
Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescentsβ growth and development
AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1β6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71βmillion participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5β19βyears on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-incomeΒ countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1βkgβmβ2 in the vast majority ofΒ countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.
BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants
Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier