Processo de enfermagem para homens com câncer de laringe fundamentado no modelo de Neuman

The objective was to operate the nursing process proposed by Betty Neuman men with laryngeal cancer in identifying stressors and coping patterns triggered in cancer experience. Exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study used as a theoretical model of the Betty Neuman with 30 men undergoing treatment for cancer of the larynx, belonging to a support group, located in São Paulo, Brazil. Customers have provided some nursing diagnoses caused by stressors identified and related to the treatment of laryngeal cancer. From this, drew up the goals and nursing outcomes that enabled coping with stressful forces and the restoration of lines of defense, yielding satisfactory interventions to minimize the stress experienced. It was found that the difficulties of treatment of laryngeal cancer could be solved with a nursing practice focused on attention and dialogue, relying on sound scientific method.El objetivo fue operar el proceso de enfermería propuesto por Betty Neuman para hombres con cáncer de laringe para la identificación de los factores de estrés y patrones de enfrentamiento desencadenados en la vivencia de la neoplasia maligna. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, cualitativo, se utilizó como referencial teórico el Modelo de Betty Neuman con 30 hombres sometidos a tratamiento de cáncer de laringe, que pertenecen a un grupo de apoyo, que se encuentra en São Paulo, Brasil. Los clientes han proporcionado algunos diagnósticos de enfermería causados por factores de estrés identificados y relacionados con el tratamiento de cáncer de laringe. A partir de esto, se elaboraron los objetivos y resultados de enfermería que permitieron hacer frente a los factores estresantes y la restauración de las líneas de defensa, obteniéndose intervenciones satisfactorias para minimizar el estrés experimentado. Se encontró que las dificultades de tratamiento del cáncer de laringe se pueden resolver con una práctica de enfermería centrada en la atención y el diálogo, basándose en un método científico adecuado.Objetivou-se operacionalizar o processo de enfermagem, proposto por Betty Neuman, para homens com câncer de laringe, visando a identificação de estressores e padrões de enfrentamento deflagrados na vivência da neoplasia maligna. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo, qualitativo, utilizou como referencial teórico o Modelo de Betty Neuman com 30 homens em tratamento para câncer de laringe, pertencentes a um grupo de apoio, localizado no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os clientes apresentaram alguns diagnósticos de enfermagem ocasionados pelos estressores identificados e relacionados ao tratamento do câncer de laringe. A partir disso, traçaram-se as metas e resultados de enfermagem que possibilitaram o enfrentamento das forças estressoras e a reconstituição das linhas de defesa, obtendo-se intervenções satisfatórias na minimização do estresse vivenciado. Verificou-se que as dificuldades do tratamento do câncer de laringe podem ser solucionadas com uma prática de enfermagem voltada para atenção e diálogo, apoiando-se em um método científico adequado

DIGITAL AND SOCIAL INCLUSION: THE USE OF THE MICROCOMPUTER AS A PROMOTER OF PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION

Objetivo: Investigar o uso da tecnologia informática, sobretudo do microcomputador como aliado no processo de reabilitação psicossocial de pessoas em sofrimento psíquico, buscando identificar as repercussões do uso da informática no contexto social dessas pessoas. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva - interpretativa de abordagem qualitativa, realizada no município de Campina Grande/PB/Brasil, com 19 profissionais que atuam na rede de cuidado da saúde mental em 2010. Foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo tipo categorial-temática proposta por Bardin. Resultados: Os resultados apontam para inclusão das tecnologias digitais nos serviços de saúde mental como estratégias fundamentais no processo de reabilitação do usuário. Conclusão: O uso da tecnologia informática é uma ferramenta que promove inclusão social, autonomia e a autoestima dos usuários, fundamentais para o processo de transformação pessoal do portador de sofrimento psíquico.

DIGITAL AND SOCIAL INCLUSION: THE USE OF THE MICROCOMPUTER AS A PROMOTER OF PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION

Objetivo: Investigar o uso da tecnologia informática, sobretudo do microcomputador como aliado no processo de reabilitação psicossocial de pessoas em sofrimento psíquico, buscando identificar as repercussões do uso da informática no contexto social dessas pessoas. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva - interpretativa de abordagem qualitativa, realizada no município de Campina Grande/PB/Brasil, com 19 profissionais que atuam na rede de cuidado da saúde mental em 2010. Foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo tipo categorial-temática proposta por Bardin. Resultados: Os resultados apontam para inclusão das tecnologias digitais nos serviços de saúde mental como estratégias fundamentais no processo de reabilitação do usuário. Conclusão: O uso da tecnologia informática é uma ferramenta que promove inclusão social, autonomia e a autoestima dos usuários, fundamentais para o processo de transformação pessoal do portador de sofrimento psíquico.&nbsp

COVID-19 infodemic and impacts on the mental health of older people : cross-sectional multicenter survey study

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic received widespread media coverage due to its novelty, an early lack of data, and the rapid rise in deaths and cases. This excessive coverage created a secondary “infodemic” that was considered to be a serious public and mental health problem by the World Health Organization and the international scientific community. The infodemic particularly affected older individuals, specifically those who are vulnerable to misinformation due to political positions, low interpretive and critical analysis capacity, and limited technical-scientific knowledge. Thus, it is important to understand older people’s reaction to COVID-19 information disseminated by the media and the effect on their lives and mental health. Objective: We aimed to describe the profile of exposure to COVID-19 information among older Brazilian individuals and the impact on their mental health, perceived stress, and the presence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods: This cross-sectional, exploratory study surveyed 3307 older Brazilians via the web, social networks, and email between July 2020 and March 2021. Descriptive analysis and bivariate analysis were performed to estimate associations of interest. Results: Major proportions of the 3307 participants were aged 60 to 64 years (n=1285, 38.9%), female (n=2250, 68.4%), and married (n=1835, 55.5%) and self-identified as White (n=2364, 71.5%). Only 295 (8.9%) had never started or completed a basic education. COVID-19 information was mainly accessed on television (n=2680, 81.1%) and social networks (n=1943, 58.8%). Television exposure was ≥3 hours in 1301 (39.3%) participants, social network use was 2 to 5 hours in 1084 (32.8%) participants, and radio exposure was ≥1 hour in 1223 (37%) participants. Frequency of exposure to social networks was significantly associated with perceived stress (P=.04) and GAD (P=.01). A Bonferroni post hoc test revealed significantly different perceived stress in participants who were exposed to social networks for 1 hour (P=.04) and those who had no exposure (P=.04). A crude linear regression showed that “some” social media use (P=.02) and 1 hour of exposure to social media (P<.001) were associated with perceived stress. Adjusting for sociodemographic variables revealed no associations with this outcome variable. In a crude logistic regression, some social media use (P<.001) and 2 to 5 hours of exposure to social media (P=.03) were associated with GAD. Adjusting for the indicated variables showed that some social network use (P<.001) and 1 hour (P=.04) and 2 to 5 hours (P=.03) of exposure to social media were associated with GAD. Conclusions: Older people, especially women, were often exposed to COVID-19–related information through television and social networks; this affected their mental health, specifically GAD and stress. Thus, the impact of the infodemic should be considered during anamnesis for older people, so that they can share their feelings about it and receive appropriate psychosocial care

Uma série histórica do HTLV na Bahia durante o período entre 2015 a 2019

Objetivo:&nbsp; Descrever a frequência do HTLV na Bahia e no Sudoeste Baiano no período entre 2015 a 2019. Métodos: pesquisa trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, retrospectivo, observacional de abordagem quantitativa do tipo série histórica. Os dados foram coletados do banco de dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), por meio da consulta às bases de dados do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e do Departamento de Doenças e Condições Crônicas e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DCCI). Resultados e discussão: A região leste, foi a mais acometida nos anos analisados, sendo que, no ano de 2015 foram notificados 153 casos, em 2016 foram notificados 170 casos, em 2017 foram notificados 477 casos, em 2018 cerca de 390 casos e no ano de 2019 foram registradas 52 notificações de casos de HTLV. Conclusão: Os dados deste estudo sugerem que, durante os anos de 2015 a 2019 a região leste foi a mais acometida pelo HTLV na Bahia, seguido da região sul e sudeste. A região que apresentou o maior número de casos confirmados na Bahia foi a região leste, seguido da região centro-leste e da região sul. Além disso, todas as regiões de saúde apresentaram casos inconclusivos no diagnóstico, exceto a região oeste. A região leste foi a que apresentou o maior número de casos inconclusivos no período analisado

Níveis disfuncionais de ansiedade relacionada ao Coronavírus em estudantes de medicina: Dysfunctional levels of Coronavirus-related anxiety in medical students

As preocupações com a saúde mental das pessoas afetadas pela pandemia de coronavírus não foram abordadas adequadamente. Isso é surpreendente, uma vez que tragédias em massa, particularmente aquelas que envolvem doenças infecciosas, muitas vezes desencadeiam ondas de medo e ansiedade elevados que são conhecidos por causar perturbações maciças no comportamento e no bem-estar psicológico de muitos na população. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é demonstrar os níveis disfuncionais de ansiedade relacionada ao coronavírus em estudantes de medicina. Para isso, foi realizado uma revisão sistemática sobre a temática

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle- SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view - and subsequent provision - of quality health care for all populations

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO