A Piece of Evolution of Occupational Therapy in North Dakota: Life History of Rhoda Erhardt, MS, OTR/L, FAOTA

This life history is one of 29 life history interviews which are a part of a larger project, Life Histories of Individuals Who Have Been Influential in Developing Occupational Therapy in North Dakota and Wyoming. The purpose of the project is to gather information about the history and evolution of OT practice in North Dakota and Wyoming through life histories of individuals who have been influential in developing OT in these two states. It is anticipated that the life history process will be a powerful way to gather this information. By using a life history approach, this study focused on the participant, Rhoda Erhardt’s, involvement in the evolution of OT practice. This study intends to provide current and future generations of occupational therapists with a view of the history and how OT practice has evolved from its inception to current practice in North Dakota and Wyoming. Rhoda Erhardt is a well known practitioner in the state of North Dakota and has achieved many accomplishments throughout the years. In order to gather information about her experiences as an occupational therapist, the researchers conducted an over the phone interview with Rhoda

Engaging Caregivers in Family-Centered Pediatric Occupation Therapy

Purpose Family-centered care is considered the gold standard when working with children and their families (Darrah, Wiart, Magill-Evans, Ray, & Andersen, 2010). Despite there being a strong push toward family-centered care, there remains a disconnect in outpatient pediatric settings when working with children ages 3-18. The purpose of this scholarly project is to raise awareness of the need for caregiver engagement in pediatric, outpatient occupational therapy and identify best practice principles for caregiver engagement. Methods An extensive literature review was conducted in order to understand caregiver engagement in pediatric occupational therapy. The information obtained from the literature review was analyzed and placed into emerging themes: (a) background information, (b) caregiver/therapist barriers, (c) caregiver/therapist perspectives on engagement, (d) methods of engagement, and (e) models and theories for caregiver engagement. The Adult Learning Theory of Andragogy (Merriam, Caffarella, & Baumgartner, 2007) was used to organize the information and guide the creation of the product. Results The analysis of information indicated multiple best practice and evidence-based strategies to engage caregivers in their child’s occupational therapy services. Based on this conclusion, the researchers created an OT Practice article to inform occupational therapy practitioners of the current lack of engagement in occupational therapy, the barriers to engagement and best practice methods for engaging caregivers. Best practice strategies are presented throughout the therapeutic process. Additionally, a handout was created to inform occupational therapy practitioners and caregivers of their specific roles throughout the therapeutic process. Conclusion The purpose of this product is to raise awareness of the lack of caregiver engagement in practice and provide best-practice strategies to promote engagement, however it does not give specific steps for how to implement these strategies throughout the therapeutic process. Additionally, there was a lack of occupational therapy literature that contributed to our literature review. Overall, these products were designed to reach a wide variety of occupational therapy practitioners and are intended to promote collaboration between the therapist and caregiver, thus increasing the outcomes for the child

A Piece of the Evolution of Occupational Therapy in North Dakota: Life History of Rhoda Erhardt, MS, OTR/L, FAOTA

This life history is one of 29 life history interviews which are a part of a larger project, Life Histories of Individuals Who Have Been Influential in Developing Occupational Therapy in North Dakota and Wyoming. The purpose of the project is to gather information about the history and evolution of OT practice in North Dakota and Wyoming through life histories of individuals who have been influential in developing OT in these two states. It is anticipated that the life history process will be a powerful way to gather this information. By using a life history approach, this study focused on the participant, Rhoda Erhardt’s, involvement in the evolution of OT practice. This study intends to provide current and future generations of occupational therapists with a view of the history and how OT practice has evolved from its inception to current practice in North Dakota and Wyoming. Rhoda Erhardt is a well known practitioner in the state of North Dakota and has achieved many accomplishments throughout the years. In order to gather information about her experiences as an occupational therapist, the researchers conducted an over the phone interview with Rhoda.https://commons.und.edu/ot-oral-histories-posters/1021/thumbnail.jp

Engaging Caregivers in Family-Centered Pediatric Occupation Therapy

Purpose Family-centered care is considered the gold standard when working with children and their families (Darrah, Wiart, Magill-Evans, Ray, & Andersen, 2010). Despite there being a strong push toward family-centered care, there remains a disconnect in outpatient pediatric settings when working with children ages 3-18. The purpose of this scholarly project is to raise awareness of the need for caregiver engagement in pediatric, outpatient occupational therapy and identify best practice principles for caregiver engagement. Methods An extensive literature review was conducted in order to understand caregiver engagement in pediatric occupational therapy. The information obtained from the literature review was analyzed and placed into emerging themes: (a) background information, (b) caregiver/therapist barriers, (c) caregiver/therapist perspectives on engagement, (d) methods of engagement, and (e) models and theories for caregiver engagement. The Adult Learning Theory of Andragogy (Merriam, Caffarella, & Baumgartner, 2007) was used to organize the information and guide the creation of the product. Results The analysis of information indicated multiple best practice and evidence-based strategies to engage caregivers in their child’s occupational therapy services. Based on this conclusion, the researchers created an OT Practice article to inform occupational therapy practitioners of the current lack of engagement in occupational therapy, the barriers to engagement and best practice methods for engaging caregivers. Best practice strategies are presented throughout the therapeutic process. Additionally, a handout was created to inform occupational therapy practitioners and caregivers of their specific roles throughout the therapeutic process. Conclusion The purpose of this product is to raise awareness of the lack of caregiver engagement in practice and provide best-practice strategies to promote engagement, however it does not give specific steps for how to implement these strategies throughout the therapeutic process. Additionally, there was a lack of occupational therapy literature that contributed to our literature review. Overall, these products were designed to reach a wide variety of occupational therapy practitioners and are intended to promote collaboration between the therapist and caregiver, thus increasing the outcomes for the child

HLA Class-II Associated HIV Polymorphisms Predict Escape from CD4+ T Cell Responses.

Antiretroviral therapy, antibody and CD8+ T cell-mediated responses targeting human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) exert selection pressure on the virus necessitating escape; however, the ability of CD4+ T cells to exert selective pressure remains unclear. Using a computational approach on HIV gag/pol/nef sequences and HLA-II allelic data, we identified 29 HLA-II associated HIV sequence polymorphisms or adaptations (HLA-AP) in an African cohort of chronically HIV-infected individuals. Epitopes encompassing the predicted adaptation (AE) or its non-adapted (NAE) version were evaluated for immunogenicity. Using a CD8-depleted IFN-γ ELISpot assay, we determined that the magnitude of CD4+ T cell responses to the predicted epitopes in controllers was higher compared to non-controllers (p<0.0001). However, regardless of the group, the magnitude of responses to AE was lower as compared to NAE (p<0.0001). CD4+ T cell responses in patients with acute HIV infection (AHI) demonstrated poor immunogenicity towards AE as compared to NAE encoded by their transmitted founder virus. Longitudinal data in AHI off antiretroviral therapy demonstrated sequence changes that were biologically confirmed to represent CD4+ escape mutations. These data demonstrate an innovative application of HLA-associated polymorphisms to identify biologically relevant CD4+ epitopes and suggests CD4+ T cells are active participants in driving HIV evolution

Viral adaptation to immune selection pressure by HLA class I–restricted CTL responses targeting epitopes in HIV frameshift sequences

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)–mediated immune responses to HIV contribute to viral control in vivo. Epitopes encoded by alternative reading frame (ARF) peptides may be targeted by CTLs as well, but their frequency and in vivo relevance are unknown. Using host genetic (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]) and plasma viral sequence information from 765 HIV-infected subjects, we identified 64 statistically significant (q < 0.2) associations between specific HLA alleles and sequence polymorphisms in alternate reading frames of gag, pol, and nef that did not affect the regular frame protein sequence. Peptides spanning the top 20 HLA-associated imprints were used to test for ex vivo immune responses in 85 HIV-infected subjects and showed responses to 10 of these ARF peptides. The most frequent response recognized an HLA-A*03–restricted +2 frame–encoded epitope containing a unique A*03-associated polymorphism at position 6. Epitope-specific CTLs efficiently inhibited viral replication in vitro when viruses containing the wild-type sequence but not the observed polymorphism were tested. Mutating alternative internal start codons abrogated the CTL-mediated inhibition of viral replication. These data indicate that responses to ARF-encoded HIV epitopes are induced during natural infection, can contribute to viral control in vivo, and drive viral evolution on a population level

LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world.Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overvie

Enter Mercury, Sleeping: Delivering Prayers on the Early Modern Stage

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from CUP via the DOI in this recor

Impact of Pre-adapted HIV Transmission

Human Leukocyte Antigen class I (HLA) restricted CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are critical to HIV-1 control. Although HIV can evade these responses, the longer-term impact of viral escape mutants remains unclear, since these variants can also reduce intrinsic viral fitness. To address this question, we here develop a metric to determine the degree of HIV adaptation to an HLA profile. We demonstrate that transmission of viruses pre-adapted to the HLA molecules expressed in the recipient is associated with impaired immunogenicity, elevated viral load and accelerated CD4 decline. Furthermore, the extent of pre-adaptation among circulating viruses explains much of the variation in outcomes attributed to expression of certain HLA alleles. Thus, viral pre-adaptation exploits “holes” in the immune response. Accounting for these holes may be critical for vaccine strategies seeking to elicit functional responses from viral variants, and to HIV cure strategies requiring broad CTL responses to achieve successful eradication of HIV reservoirs

Measurement of the W-boson mass in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A measurement of the mass of the W boson is presented based on proton–proton collision data recorded in 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, and corresponding to 4.6 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. The selected data sample consists of 7.8×106 candidates in the W→μν channel and 5.9×106 candidates in the W→eν channel. The W-boson mass is obtained from template fits to the reconstructed distributions of the charged lepton transverse momentum and of the W boson transverse mass in the electron and muon decay channels, yielding mW=80370±7 (stat.)±11(exp. syst.) ±14(mod. syst.) MeV =80370±19MeV, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second corresponds to the experimental systematic uncertainty, and the third to the physics-modelling systematic uncertainty. A measurement of the mass difference between the W+ and W−bosons yields mW+−mW−=−29±28 MeV