Optimizing the power-generation performance of flapping-foil turbines while simplifying their mechanical design with the use of elastic supports

Due à la complexité des mécanismes typiquement requis pour contraindre l’aile d’une turbine à aile oscillante à suivre des mouvements spécifiques, cette thèse étudie la possibilité de bénéficier de mouvements non contraints, dits passifs. En pratique, cela implique que l’aile est attachée à la structure de la turbine à l’aide de supports élastiques indépendants en pilonnement et en tangage, formés de ressorts et d’amortisseurs. Par conséquent, seul un contrôle indirect des mouvements est possible en ajustant adéquatement les paramètres structuraux affectant la dynamique de l’aile, tels que les paramètres d’inertie, d’amortissement et de raideur de l’aile et de ses supports élastiques. En premier lieu, un prototype ayant des mouvements passifs autant en pilonnement qu’en tangage, et donc étant complètement passif, a été conçu et testé dans un canal à surface libre. Cette première phase du présent travail de recherche a confirmé la faisabilité et le potentiel de ce concept en permettant d’extraire une quantité significative d’énergie de l’écoulement d’eau. Cependant, l’efficacité maximale atteinte est demeurée inférieure à ce qui peut être obtenu en contraignant l’aile à suivre des mouvements précis. Suite à ces expériences, un algorithme résolvant la dynamique du solide a été implémenté et couplé au logiciel résolvant la dynamique du fluide gouverné par les équations de Navier-Stokes. Des simulations numériques ont été réalisées afin d’analyser plus en détail la dynamique de chacun des deux degrés de liberté de l’aile. Plutôt que de poursuivre notre étude du concept complètement passif immédiatement, un concept de turbine semi-passive caractérisée par un mouvement de tangage passif et un mouvement de pilonnement contraint a été considéré. Des efficacités de l’ordre de 45% ont été atteintes, se comparant ainsi aux meilleures performances rapportées dans la littérature concernant les turbines à ailes oscillantes complètement contraintes. En plus de révéler le fort potentiel de ce concept de turbine semi-passive, cette étude nous a permis de nous concentrer sur certains aspects spécifiques concernant la dynamique d’une aile attachée par des ressorts en tangage. Cette analyse plus détaillée de la physique en jeu a été facilitée par le nombre réduit de paramètres structuraux en jeu par rapport à une turbine pour laquelle le mouvement de pilonnement est lui aussi passif. L’une des découvertes importantes est que le centre de masse doit être situé en aval du point de pivot afin de générer un transfert d’énergie du mouvement de pilonnement vers le mouvement de tangage par l’entremise du couplage inertiel entre les deux degrés de liberté. Ce transfert d’énergie est crucial puisque les mouvements de tangage optimaux nécessitent de l’énergie en moyenne pour être soutenus. De plus, un paramètre combinant les effets liés au moment d’inertie de l’aile par rapport à son point de pivot et à la raideur en tangage a été proposé. Ce paramètre permet de bien caractériser la dynamique du mouvement de tangage passif de la turbine semi-passive. Il permet aussi de déterminer la raideur requise pour différentes valeurs du moment d’inertie afin de maintenir une performance optimale de la turbine. Utilisant les connaissances acquises concernant la dynamique des mouvements de tangage passifs, le concept de turbine à aile oscillante complètement passive a été revisité. Les meilleures efficacités obtenues avec la turbine semi-passive ont été égalées et ont même été surpassées puisque qu’une efficacité de 53.8% a été atteinte. Les résultats ont aussi démontré qu’une performance optimale pouvait être maintenue sur de larges plages de valeurs en ce qui concerne la masse en pilonnement ainsi que le moment d’inertie par rapport au point de pivot, pourvu que les raideurs en pilonnement et en tangage soient ajustées correctement.Due to the complexity of the mechanisms typically required when designing a flapping-foil turbine to prescribe specific heave and pitch motions, this thesis investigates the possibility of benefiting from unconstrained motions. In practice, this means that the foil is attached to the turbine structure with independent elastic supports in heave and in pitch, which consist in springs and dampers. Consequently, only an indirect control over the foil motions is possible through an adequate adjustment of the structural parameters affecting the foil dynamics, namely the inertial, damping and stiffness characteristics of the elastically-supported foil. Such motions are referred to as passive motions. As a first step, a turbine prototype with passive heave and pitch motions, thus being fully-passive, has been designed and tested in a water channel. This first phase of the present research work has confirmed the feasibility and the potential of this concept to extract a significant amount of energy from a fluid flow. However, the maximum efficiency that has been obtained is smaller than what can be achieved when prescribing specific foil motions. Following these experiments, a solid solver has been implemented and coupled with a Navier-Stokes fluid solver. Numerical simulations have been carried out to analyze the dynamics of both degrees of freedom in more details. Instead of immediately pursuing our study of the fully-passive flappingfoil turbine, a semi-passive concept, with a passive pitch motion and a prescribed heave motion, has been considered. Efficiencies of the order of 45% have been achieved, hence competing with the best performance reported in the literature for flapping-foil turbines with prescribed motions. In addition to revealing the great potential of this semi-passive turbine concept, this study has allowed us to focus on some specific aspects of the dynamics of passive pitch motions. This more detailed analysis of the physics at play has been facilitated by the reduced number of structural parameters affecting the foil dynamics compared to a turbine for which the foil is also elastically-supported in heave. One of the main findings is that the center of mass must be positioned downstream of the pitch axis in order to generate a net transfer of energy from the heave motion to the pitch motion via the inertial coupling between the two degrees of freedom. This energy transfer is crucial because optimal pitch motions require energy on average to be sustained. Moreover, a parameter combining the effects of the moment of inertia of the foil about the pitch axis and the pitch stiffness has been proposed. This parameter effectively characterizes the pitch dynamics of the semi-passive turbine. It also allows properly scaling the pitch stiffness when different moments of inertia are considered with the objective of maintaining an optimal turbine performance. Having improved our knowledge about the dynamics of passive pitch motions, the fully-passive flapping-foil turbine concept has been revisited. The best efficiencies obtained with the semi-passive concept have been matched, and even exceeded since an efficiency of 53.8% has been reached. The results have also demonstrated that an optimal performance can be maintained over large ranges of values regarding the heaving mass and the moment of inertia when the heave and pitch stiffness coefficients are adjusted adequately

Assessing the Ability of the DDES Turbulence Modeling Approach to Simulate the Wake of a Bluff Body

A detailed numerical investigation of the flow behind a square cylinder at a Reynolds number of 21,400 is conducted to assess the ability of the delayed detached-eddy simulation (DDES) modeling approach to accurately predict the velocity recovery in the wake of a bluff body. Three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) and DDES simulations making use of the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model are carried out using the open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) toolbox OpenFOAM-2.1.x, and are compared with available experimental velocity measurements. It is found that the DDES simulation tends to overestimate the averaged streamwise velocity component, especially in the near wake, but a better agreement with the experimental data is observed further downstream of the body. The velocity fluctuations also match reasonably well with the experimental data. Moreover, it is found that the spanwise domain length has a significant impact on the flow, especially regarding the fluctuations of the drag coefficient. Nonetheless, for both the averaged and fluctuating velocity components, the DDES approach is shown to be superior to the URANS approach. Therefore, for engineering purposes, it is found that the DDES approach is a suitable choice to simulate and characterize the velocity recovery in a wake

The process of making an aerodynamically efficient car body for the SAE Supermileage competition

In the summer of 2010, a new body shell for the SAE Supermileage car of Laval University was designed. The complete shell design process included, amongst other steps, the generation of a shape through the parametric shape modeling software Unigraphics NX7 and the evaluation of aerodynamic forces acting on the chassis using the open source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software OpenFOAM. The CFD analyses were ran at steady-state using a k-omega-SST turbulence model and roughly 2.5 million cells. An efficient method for evaluating the effect of ambient wind conditions and vehicle trajectory on the track was developed. It considers the proportion of time that the car operates at each combination of velocity and wind yaw angle and computes the overall energy demand of the shell. An iterative process was conducted over a significant number of different shapes, which were generated by joining formula-based guide curves using intersection and tangency conditions. The new shell has a 25 % larger frontal area due to modified design constraints. When aerodynamically compared to the smaller and already highly efficient old vehicle, reductions of 50 % of the negative lift, 15 % of the energy demand when driving forward, and 5 % of the energy demand when turning are achieved by the new design. Also, the drag coefficient is reduced by 20 %. These improvements come from the quasi-NACA profiles on the side and top walls; a reduction of cavities to prevent redundant frontal areas; a short vehicle and smother wheel cover closures; and a thorough study of the nose and tail. This paper describes numerical flow simulations and the changes that were brought to the vehicle body to make it as aerodynamically efficient as possible

Assessing the Ability of the DDES Turbulence Modeling Approach to Simulate the Wake of a Bluff Body

A detailed numerical investigation of the flow behind a square cylinder at a Reynolds number of 21,400 is conducted to assess the ability of the delayed detached-eddy simulation (DDES) modeling approach to accurately predict the velocity recovery in the wake of a bluff body. Three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) and DDES simulations making use of the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model are carried out using the open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) toolbox OpenFOAM-2.1.x, and are compared with available experimental velocity measurements. It is found that the DDES simulation tends to overestimate the averaged streamwise velocity component, especially in the near wake, but a better agreement with the experimental data is observed further downstream of the body. The velocity fluctuations also match reasonably well with the experimental data. Moreover, it is found that the spanwise domain length has a significant impact on the flow, especially regarding the fluctuations of the drag coefficient. Nonetheless, for both the averaged and fluctuating velocity components, the DDES approach is shown to be superior to the URANS approach. Therefore, for engineering purposes, it is found that the DDES approach is a suitable choice to simulate and characterize the velocity recovery in a wake

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Assessing the Ability of the DDES Turbulence Modeling Approach to Simulate the Wake of a Bluff Body

A detailed numerical investigation of the flow behind a square cylinder at a Reynolds number of 21,400 is conducted to assess the ability of the delayed detached-eddy simulation (DDES) modeling approach to accurately predict the velocity recovery in the wake of a bluff body. Three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) and DDES simulations making use of the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model are carried out using the open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) toolbox OpenFOAM-2.1.x, and are compared with available experimental velocity measurements. It is found that the DDES simulation tends to overestimate the averaged streamwise velocity component, especially in the near wake, but a better agreement with the experimental data is observed further downstream of the body. The velocity fluctuations also match reasonably well with the experimental data. Moreover, it is found that the spanwise domain length has a significant impact on the flow, especially regarding the fluctuations of the drag coefficient. Nonetheless, for both the averaged and fluctuating velocity components, the DDES approach is shown to be superior to the URANS approach. Therefore, for engineering purposes, it is found that the DDES approach is a suitable choice to simulate and characterize the velocity recovery in a wake

HNF1α defect influences post-prandial lipid regulation

Purpose Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1α) defects cause Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young type 3 (MODY3), characterized by defects in beta-cell insulin secretion. However, HNF1α is involved in many other metabolic pathways with relevance for monogenic or polygenic type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate gut hormones, lipids, and insulin regulation in response to a meal test in HNF1α defect carriers (MODY3) compared to non-diabetic subjects (controls) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: We administered a standardized liquid meal to each participant. Over 6 hours, we measured post-meal responses of insulin regulation (blood glucose, c-peptide, insulin), gut hormones (ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1) and lipids (non-esterified fatty acids [NEFA] and triglycerides). Results: We found that MODY3 participants had lower insulin secretion indices than controls and T2D participants, showing the expected β-cell defect. MODY3 had similar glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c median [IQR]: 6.5 [5.6–7.6]%) compared to T2D (median: 6.6 [6.2–6.9]%; P<0.05). MODY3 had greater insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index: 71.9 [29.6; 125.5]) than T2D (3.2 [4.0; 6.0]; P<0.05). MODY3 experienced a larger decrease in the ratio of NEFA to insulin (NEFA 30–0 / insulin 30–0: -39 [-78; -30] x104) in the early post-prandial period (0–30 minutes) compared to controls and to T2D (-2.0 [-0.6; -6.4] x104; P<0.05). MODY3 had lower fasting (0.66 [0.46; 1.2] mM) and post-meal triglycerides levels compared to T2D (fasting: 2.3 [1.7; 2.7] mM; P<0.05). We did not detect significant post-meal differences in ghrelin and incretins between MODY3 and other groups. Conclusion: In response to a standard meal test, MODY3 showed greater early post-prandial NEFA diminution in response to relatively low early insulin secretion, and they maintained very low post-prandial triglycerides levels

Microparticle and mitochondrial release during extended storage of different types of platelet concentrates

On activation, platelets release vesicles called microparticles (MPs). MPs are heterogeneous with regard to the presence or absence of mitochondria. We quantified MPs in platelet concentrates (PCs) taking their mitochondrial content into account. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), buffy coat (BC) and apheresis (AP) PCs were tested through 7 days of storage. A combination of flow cytometry and spanning-tree progression analysis of density-normalized events (SPADE) was used to determine MP and mitochondrial release during storage. All the PC biochemical parameters complied with transfusion standards at all times. Platelet activation markers increased during storage and were higher for PRP than other types of PCs. Concentrations of MPs and extracellular mitochondria interpreted by SPADE algorithm were significantly higher in PRP than other in PCs and were stable throughout storage. The mode of preparation, rather than storage duration, impacts the release of MPs and mitochondria in PCs