SINAIS DE QUALIDADE E RASTREABILIDADE DE ALIMENTOS: UMA VISÃO SISTÊMICA

In this article, the concept of traceability in food quality control is systematized. The interfaces among traceability, labeling, brands, standards and certification are presented. In addition, the differences and connections between identification and traceability are explained. The asset specificity of information and of the organization structures required to implant tracing systems are outlined according to the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE). The importance and difficulty of establishing such systems are described as functions of government interests, as well as the interests of various agents in the agro-industrial system. In the examples, emphasis is placed on the soybean and beef chains.quality control, information systems, coordination., Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Coordenação do sistema da carne bovina no Reino Unido: implicações da rastreabilidade e da tecnologia de informação

This paper discusses the traceability concept in the food business. Based on the transaction costs economics, it describes the adoption of traceability mechanisms in the UK beef market and examines the effects on the governance mechanisms in the production and distribution chain. The basic hypothesis is that, in the absence of information technology (IT), strictly coordinated mechanisms will occur. As the use of IT spreads, a decrease in information asymmetry and, consequently, more flexible governance structures may be observed.information asymmetry, information technology, electronic identification, beef chain coordination.,

A logística reversa de resíduos eletroeletrônicos no Brasil e no mundo:: o desafio da desarticulação dos atores

In order to review the literature about the national and international practices of the reverselogistics of electronics, so they can become lessons and contributions to the Brazilian scene, theauthors of this article analyse the realities of Switzerland, a pioneer country in waste electricaland electronic equipment management (WEEE), The article also examines four other major generatorsof electronic waste: the United States of America, China, India and Brazil. Results pointto a lack of articulation of actors in the reverse chain of WEEE in almost all the studied countries,while it identifies some explicit collaborative trials and the importance of adopting new partnershipsthat facilitate logistics. Successful WEEE reverse logistics depend on the State complianceat all levels of the Brazilian Federation, the involvement of the business sector, and partnershipswith public research institutions and civil society organizations. Only this articulation will makereverse logistics of WEEE become a reality, capable of generating closed-loop production andelectronics disposal mechanisms.Com o objetivo de identificar na literatura nacional e internacional práticas de logística reversa de eletroeletrônicos, no intuito de que as mesmas possam servir como lições e contribuições para o cenário brasileiro, escolheu-se realizar o estudo, por meio da revisão de escopo, das realidades de um país pioneiro (Suíça), na gestão de Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos (REEE) e em outros quatro grandes geradores desses resíduos: Estados Unidos, China, Índia e Brasil. As experiências apontam para uma ausência de articulação dos atores da cadeia reversa de REEE em quase todos os países estudados, ao mesmo tempo que explicita alguns ensaios colaborativos e a importância da adoção de novas parcerias que viabilizem a logística. Conclui-se, então, que o êxito de uma logística reversa de REEE depende da adesão do Estado, em todos os níveis da Federação, do envolvimento do setor empresarial, de parcerias com as instituições públicas de pesquisa e com a sociedade civil organizada. Somente com essa articulação a logística reversa de REEE pode se tornar uma realidade, capaz de gerar o ciclo fechado de produção e descarte de eletroeletrônicos

Internationalization of Brazilian companies in an emerging country: Insights from Brazilian-Russian beef network

Este artigo analisa a internacionalização de firmas brasileiras para o mercado russo tendo como base teórica o modelo revisado de Uppsala proposto por Johanson e Vahlne (2009) no contexto de economias emergentes. Este estudo é exploratório descritivo e enquadrado como estudo de casos múltiplos em quatro frigoríficos brasileiros que se internacionalizaram para o mercado russo. Os resultados mostram que o modelo revisado de Uppsala contribui parcialmente para a explicação da internacionalização das firmas estudadas. Alguns pressupostos, como a ligação de mercado a mercado pela rede de negócios, o reconhecimento pela rede de competências inerentes à firma, a possibilidade de decisão de comprometimento no relacionamento da rede para a firma e o inverso foram empiricamente encontrados. Contudo, o modelo revisado de Uppsala não considera a possibilidade da utilização da rede de negócios como limitação da expansão de firmas tampouco no retorno de atributos de competências e capacidades da firma como diferencial em situações de redes de negócio com alto nível de confiança encontrados neste estudo.Palavras-chave: estratégia de internacionalização, redes de negócio, países emergentes.This article examines the internationalization of Brazilian firms in the Russian market through the revised Uppsala model (Johanson and Vahlne, 2009) in the context of emerging economies. This paper is an exploratory descriptive study with qualitative variables and is framed as a multiple case study carried out with four Brazilian meatpacking firms which internationalized their activities into the Russian market. The results show that the revised Uppsala model partially contributes to explaining the internationalization of firms studied. Some assumptions, like the link from market to market through the business network, the network’s acknowledgement of the inherent powers in the firm, the possibility of a decision of commitment in the relationship to the firm’s network and the reverse were found empirically. However, the revised Uppsala model does not envisage the use of networks limiting the expansion of firms neither the return attributes of competence and capabilities of the firm as a differential in cases of business networks with high level of commitment, found in this research.Key words: Internationalization strategy, Business Network, Emerging Countries

Internacionalização de empresas brasileiras para um país emergente: evidências na rede de negócios Brasil-Rússia

This article examines the internationalization of Brazilian firms in the Russian market through the revised Uppsala model (Johanson and Vahlne, 2009) in the context of emerging economies. This paper is an exploratory descriptive study with qualitative variables and is framed as a multiple case study carried out with four Brazilian meatpacking firms which internationalized their activities into the Russian market. The results show that the revised Uppsala model partially contributes to explaining the internationalization of firms studied. Some assumptions, like the link from market to market through the business network, the network’s acknowledgement of the inherent powers in the firm, the possibility of a decision of commitment in the relationship to the firm’s network and the reverse were found empirically. However, the revised Uppsala model does not envisage the use of networks limiting the expansion of firms neither the return attributes of competence and capabilities of the firm as a differential in cases of business networks with high level of commitment, found in this research.Key words: Internationalization strategy, Business Network, Emerging Countries.Este artigo analisa a internacionalização de firmas brasileiras para o mercado russo tendo como base teórica o modelo revisado de Uppsala proposto por Johanson e Vahlne (2009) no contexto de economias emergentes. Este estudo é exploratório descritivo e enquadrado como estudo de casos múltiplos em quatro frigoríficos brasileiros que se internacionalizaram para o mercado russo. Os resultados mostram que o modelo revisado de Uppsala contribui parcialmente para a explicação da internacionalização das firmas estudadas. Alguns pressupostos, como a ligação de mercado a mercado pela rede de negócios, o reconhecimento pela rede de competências inerentes à firma, a possibilidade de decisão de comprometimento no relacionamento da rede para a firma e o inverso foram empiricamente encontrados. Contudo, o modelo revisado de Uppsala não considera a possibilidade da utilização da rede de negócios como limitação da expansão de firmas tampouco no retorno de atributos de competências e capacidades da firma como diferencial em situações de redes de negócio com alto nível de confiança encontrados neste estudo.Palavras-chave: estratégia de internacionalização, redes de negócio, países emergentes

O papel das associações de interesse privado no mercado cafeeiro brasileiro

A desregulamentação do mercado cafeeiro propiciou uma nova conjuntura institucional. Nesse cenário, buscou-se investir em estratégias de diferenciação e na criação de associações orientadas para implementá-las. É pertinente discutir o papel dessas organizações nesse contexto. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a expansão do papel das associações de cafeicultores brasileiros, enfocando o suporte que tais organizações oferecem para que seus membros possam atuar com produtos diferenciados. Trata-se de um ensaio sobre o papel das associações de interesse privado sob o prisma da Economia dos Custos de Transação, das Redes e do Capital Social.Deregulation of the coffee market provided a new institutional scenario where investments in differentiation strategies were sought and private interest associations were formed to carry out these strategies. This situation was discussed together with the growing role of associations of Brazilian coffee producers which were focused on supporting members promoting differentiated products. A description of these associations was presented from the standpoint of transaction cost economics, networks and capital stock

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks