Multimodal information spaces for content-based image retrieval

Abstract. Image collections today are increasingly larger in size, and they continue to grow constantly. Without the help of image search systems these abundant visual records collected in many different fields and domains may remain unused and inaccessible. Many available image databases often contain complementary modalities, such as attached text resources, which can be used to build an index for querying with keywords. However, sometimes users do not have or do not know the right words to express what they need, and, in addition, keywords do not express all the visual variations that an image may contain. Using example images as queries can be viewed as an alternative in different scenarios such as searching images using a mobile phone with a coupled camera, or supporting medical diagnosis by searching a large medical image collection. Still, matching only visual features between the query and image databases may lead to undesirable results from the user's perspective. These conditions make the process of finding relevant images for a specific information need very challenging, time consuming or even frustrating. Instead of considering only a single data modality to build image search indexes, the simultaneous use of both, visual and text data modalities, has been suggested. Non-visual information modalities may provide complementary information to enrich the image representation. The goal of this research work is to study the relationships between visual contents and text terms to build useful indexes for image search. A family of algorithms based on matrix factorization are proposed for extracting the multimodal aspects from an image collection. Using this knowledge about how visual features and text terms correlate, a search index is constructed, which can be searched using keywords, example images or combinations of both. Systematic experiments were conducted on different data sets to evaluate the proposed indexing algorithms. The experimental results showed that multimodal indexing is an effective strategy for designing image search systems.Las colecciones de imágenes hoy en día son muy grandes y crecen constantemente. Sin la ayuda de sistemas para la búsqueda de imágenes esos abundantes registros visuales que han sido recolectados en diferentes areas del conocimiento pueden permanecer aislados sin uso. Muchas bases de datos de imágenes contienen modalidades de datos complementarias, como los recursos textuales que pueden ser utilizados para crear índices de búsqueda. Sin embargo, algunas veces los usuarios no tienen o no saben qué palabras utilizar para encontrar lo que necesitan, y adicionalmente, las palabras clave no expresan todas las variaciones visuales que una imagen puede tener. Utilizar imágenes de ejemplo para expresar la consulta puede ser visto como una alternativa, por ejemplo buscar imágenes con teléfonos móviles, o dar soporte al diagnóstico médico con las imágenes de los pacientes. Aún así, emparejar correctamente las características visuales de la consulta y las imágenes en la base de datos puede llevar a resultados semánticamente incorrectos. Estas condiciones hacen que el proceso de buscar imágenes relevantes para una necesidad de información particular sea una tarea difícil, que consume mucho tiempo o que incluso puede ser frustrante. En lugar de considerar solo una modalidad de datos para construir índices de búsqueda para imágenes, el uso simultáneo de las modalidades visual y textual ha sido sugerido. Las modalidades no visuales pueden proporcionar información complementaria para enriquecer la representación de las imágenes. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es estudiar las relaciones entre los contenidos visuales y los términos textuales, para construir índices de búsqueda útiles. Este trabajo propone una familia de algoritmos basados en factorización de matrices para extraer los aspectos multimodales de una colección de imágenes. Utilizando este conocimiento acerca de cómo las características visuales se correlacionan con los términos textuales, se construye un índice que puede ser consultado con palabras clave, imágenes de ejemplo o por combinaciones de estas dos. Se realizaron experimentos sistemáticos en diferentes conjuntos de datos para evaluar los algoritmos de indexamiento propuestos. Los resultados muestran que el indexamiento multimodal es una estrategia efectiva para diseñar sistemas de búsqueda de imágenes.Doctorad

Global and national Burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013

Importance The literature focuses on mortality among children younger than 5 years. Comparable information on nonfatal health outcomes among these children and the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents is scarce. Objective To determine levels and trends in the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among younger children (aged <5 years), older children (aged 5-9 years), and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) between 1990 and 2013 in 188 countries from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study. Evidence Review Data from vital registration, verbal autopsy studies, maternal and child death surveillance, and other sources covering 14 244 site-years (ie, years of cause of death data by geography) from 1980 through 2013 were used to estimate cause-specific mortality. Data from 35 620 epidemiological sources were used to estimate the prevalence of the diseases and sequelae in the GBD 2013 study. Cause-specific mortality for most causes was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model strategy. For some infectious diseases (eg, HIV infection/AIDS, measles, hepatitis B) where the disease process is complex or the cause of death data were insufficient or unavailable, we used natural history models. For most nonfatal health outcomes, DisMod-MR 2.0, a Bayesian metaregression tool, was used to meta-analyze the epidemiological data to generate prevalence estimates. Findings Of the 7.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 7.4-8.1) million deaths among children and adolescents globally in 2013, 6.28 million occurred among younger children, 0.48 million among older children, and 0.97 million among adolescents. In 2013, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory tract infections among younger children (905 059 deaths; 95% UI, 810 304-998 125), diarrheal diseases among older children (38 325 deaths; 95% UI, 30 365-47 678), and road injuries among adolescents (115 186 deaths; 95% UI, 105 185-124 870). Iron deficiency anemia was the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting 619 (95% UI, 618-621) million in 2013. Large between-country variations exist in mortality from leading causes among children and adolescents. Countries with rapid declines in all-cause mortality between 1990 and 2013 also experienced large declines in most leading causes of death, whereas countries with the slowest declines had stagnant or increasing trends in the leading causes of death. In 2013, Nigeria had a 12% global share of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections and a 38% global share of deaths from malaria. India had 33% of the world’s deaths from neonatal encephalopathy. Half of the world’s diarrheal deaths among children and adolescents occurred in just 5 countries: India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. Conclusions and Relevance Understanding the levels and trends of the leading causes of death and disability among children and adolescents is critical to guide investment and inform policies. Monitoring these trends over time is also key to understanding where interventions are having an impact. Proven interventions exist to prevent or treat the leading causes of unnecessary death and disability among children and adolescents. The findings presented here show that these are underused and give guidance to policy makers in countries where more attention is needed

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. LANCET. 2016;388(10053):1659-1724.Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57.8% (95% CI 56.6-58.8) of global deaths and 41.2% (39.8-42.8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211.8 million [192.7 million to 231.1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148.6 million [134.2 million to 163.1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143.1 million [125.1 million to 163.5 million]), high BMI (120.1 million [83.8 million to 158.4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113.3 million [103.9 million to 123.4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103.1 million [90.8 million to 115.1 million]), high total cholesterol (88.7 million [74.6 million to 105.7 million]), household air pollution (85.6 million [66.7 million to 106.1 million]), alcohol use (85.0 million [77.2 million to 93.0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83.0 million [49.3 million to 127.5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries : a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices. Findings In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59.3 (95% uncertainty interval 56.8-61.8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85.5 (84.2-86.5) in Iceland to 20.4 (15.4-24.9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r(2) = 0.88) and the MDG index (r(2) = 0.2), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r(2) = 0.79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7.9 (IQR 5.0-10.4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10.0 [6.7-13.1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5.5 [2.1-8.9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for universal health coverage tracer interventions. Moderate improvements were found for indicators such as HIV and tuberculosis incidence, minimal changes for hepatitis B incidence took place, and childhood overweight considerably worsened. Interpretation GBD provides an independent, comparable avenue for monitoring progress towards the health-related SDGs. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of income, education, and fertility as drivers of health improvement but also emphasises that investments in these areas alone will not be sufficient. Although considerable progress on the health-related MDG indicators has been made, these gains will need to be sustained and, in many cases, accelerated to achieve the ambitious SDG targets. The minimal improvement in or worsening of health-related indicators beyond the MDGs highlight the need for additional resources to effectively address the expanded scope of the health-related SDGs.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Metric indexing for content-based medical image retrieval

The paper proposes an indexing method for fast content-based retrieval in an image repository. The method is based on a metric-indexing strategy that avoids calculating the distance from the query to all the images in the repository. The proponed indexing method is tested on a pathology image Collection comparing its performance against sequential scanning indexing. The results show that the metric indexing method improves the access time by a factor of 10, without a signi?cant sacr i?ce on precision

Financial Stability Report - March 2012

Durante 2011 el entorno económico internacional se caracterizó por un alto grado de incertidumbre, propiciado por los problemas de deuda pública o privada en un buen número de países industrializados. En el último trimestre del año, las condiciones financieras en la zona del euro se deterioraron significativamente y sus perspectivas de crecimiento empeoraron. De esta forma, pese a la mejora reciente en la dinámica económica de los Estados Unidos, se prevé un crecimiento mundial moderado durante los primeros seis meses de 2012. Por su parte, en Colombia los indicadores de actividad económica mostraron un comportamiento favorable durante el segundo semestre de 2011 y las expectativas siguen siendo optimistas.In 2011, the international economic environment was characterized by a high degree of uncertainty brought about by the problems of public or private debt in many of the industrialized countries. The financial conditions in the euro zone deteriorated significantly in the last quarter of the year and their outlook for growth got worse. Thus, in spite of the recent improvement in the economic strength of the United States, moderate worldwide growth is anticipated for the first six months of 2012. The economic activity indicators in Colombia, in turn, showed a favorable performance in the second half of 2011 and expectations continue to be optimistic

Financial Stability Report - September 2009

Durante el primer semestre de 2009 la economía mundial continuó experimentando los efectos de la crisis financiera internacional, aunque algunos indicadores, como el de aversión al riesgo y el crecimiento de la cartera del sector privado, registraron mejorías. En el caso de la economía colombiana, los índices de confianza del consumidor y el de expectativas para la industria y el comercio presentaron una leve recuperación, aunque siguen manteniendo niveles bajos. La mejor dinámica de la economía tendrá efectos positivos sobre el comportamiento de los riesgos del sistema financiero, la situación fiscal y el empleo. A junio de 2009 la cartera bruta del sistema financiero colombiano continuó desacelerándose (7,3% real anual frente a 12,9% un año antes), especialmente la de consumo que registró un crecimiento real anual de -0,5%, mientras que un año atrás creció 13,7%. Por su parte, la cartera comercial aumentó 11,4% y la hipotecaria con titularizaciones se incrementó en 6,6% real anual. Las inversiones de los establecimientos de crédito presentaron un repunte significativo al crecer a una tasa real anual de 23,8% frente a -4,6% en junio de 2008. Este comportamiento se explica tanto por el aumento en las nuevas tenencias de títulos de deuda pública, así como por sus valoraciones, las cuales se han presentado conjuntamente con las del mercado accionario.During the first half of 2009, the world economy continued to experience the effects of the international financial crisis, although some indicators, such as those denoting risk aversion and private sector loan portfolio growth, have improved. In the case of the Colombian economy, the consumer confidence index and the expectation index for industry and commerce demonstrated some recovery, but are still at low levels. More momentum in the economy will have a positive impact on risks to the financial system, the fiscal situation and employment. The slowdown in the gross loan portfolio held by the Colombian financial system continued in June 2009 (7.3% real annual growth compared to 12.9% the year before), especially consumer lending, which posted -0.5% real annual growth, as opposed to 13.7% a year earlier. On the other hand, the commercial loan portfolio was up 11.4% and mortgage loans, with securitization, registered a real annual increase of 6.6%. Credit institution investment rose considerably, at a real annual rate of 23.8% as opposed to -4.6% in June 2008. This performance explains much of the increase in new holdings of government bonds and their valuation, which occurred in conjunction with the stock market valuations

Financial Stability Report - March 2010

Durante el segundo semestre de 2009 la economía mundial mostró señales de recuperación después de la crisis financiera internacional, lo que se reflejó en una caída en la aversión al riesgo. Sin embargo, existen presiones fiscales en las economías desarrolladas, como consecuencia del incremento en el gasto público que se generó con las medidas adoptadas, lo que podría restar dinamismo a la economía global. Para el caso colombiano se han recuperado los índices de confianza del consumidor y de expectativas para la industria y el comercio, aunque sus niveles continúan siendo inferiores a los registrados antes de la crisis financiera. Lo anterior podría generar un panorama más optimista para la dinámica de la actividad de intermediación del sistema financiero.During the second half of 2009, the world economy showed signs of recovery from the international financial crisis, reflected in lower level of risk aversion. However, fiscal pressures are mounting on developed economies due to increased government spending generated by the stimulus measures and could undermine the momentum in the global economy. In the case of Colombia, the indexes of consumer confidence and expectations for industry and commerce have recovered, but are still at levels below those registered prior to the financial crisis. The letter could result in a more optimistic scenario for increased intermediation activity in the financial system

Financial Stability Report - March 2011

El año 2010 fue de recuperación económica a nivel global. La economía mundial creció a una tasa cercana al 5% anual, cifra superior a lo esperado antes por el mercado. El incremento en los precios de los bienes básicos, junto con el mayor grado de aversión al riesgo relativo de las economías desarrolladas, como consecuencia de su lento ritmo de expansión, contribuyeron al importante flujo de capitales a economías emergentes. En Colombia, los altos términos de intercambio, la mejora en los niveles de confianza y las favorables condiciones de financiamiento llevaron a una recuperación rápida del crecimiento del producto, jalonado especialmente por la inversión y el consumo. Lo anterior también contribuyó a la recuperación de las actividades de intermediación tradicional luego de la desaceleración del crédito, que se dio como consecuencia de la crisis internacional de 2009.The year 2010 was one of economic recovery on the global level. The worldwide economy grew at a rate that was close to 5% annually, a figure that is higher than had previously been expected by the market. The rise in the prices for commodities together with the higher degree of risk aversion with respect to the developed economies as a consequence of their slow rate of expansion contributed to a significant flow of capital towards emerging economies. In Colombia, the high terms of trade, the improvement in the confidence levels and the favorable conditions of financing led to a rapid recovery of output growth, fueled especially by investment and consumption. The above also contributed to the recovery of traditional intermediation activities after the slowdown in lending that occurred as a consequence of the international crisis of 2009