Designing Flightdeck Procedures: Literature Resources

This technical publication contains the titles, abstracts, summaries, descriptions, and/or annotations of available literature sources on procedure design and development, requirements, and guidance. It is designed to provide users with an easy access to available resources on the topic of procedure design, and with a sense of the contents of these sources. This repository of information is organized into the following publication sources: Research (e.g., journal articles, conference proceedings), Manufacturers' (e.g., operation manuals, newsletters), and Regulatory and/or Government (e.g., advisory circulars, reports). An additional section contains synopses of Accident/Incident Reports involving procedures. This work directly supports a comprehensive memorandum by Barshi, Mauro, Degani, & Loukopoulou (2016) that summarizes the results of a multi-year project, partially funded by the FAA, to develop technical reference materials that support guidance on the process of developing cockpit procedures (see "Designing Flightdeck Procedures" https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20160013263.pdf). An extensive treatment of this topic is presented in a forthcoming book by the same authors

Re-starting smoking in the postpartum period after receiving a smoking cessation intervention: a systematic review

Aims: In pregnant smoking cessation trial participants, to estimate (1) among women abstinent at the end of pregnancy, the proportion who re-start smoking at time-points afterwards (primary analysis) and (2) among all trial participants, the proportion smoking at the end of pregnancy and at selected time-points during the postpartum period (secondary analysis). Methods: Trials identified from two Cochrane reviews plus searches of Medline and EMBASE. Twenty-seven trials were included. The included trials were randomized or quasi-randomized trials of within-pregnancy cessation interventions given to smokers who reported abstinence both at end of pregnancy and at one or more defined time-points after birth. Outcomes were validated biochemically and self-reported continuous abstinence from smoking and 7-day point prevalence abstinence. The primary random-effects meta-analysis used longitudinal data to estimate mean pooled proportions of re-starting smoking; a secondary analysis used cross-sectional data to estimate the mean proportions smoking at different postpartum time-points. Subgroup analyses were performed on biochemically validated abstinence. Results: The pooled mean proportion re-starting at 6 months postpartum was 43% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 16–72%, I2 = 96.7%] (11 trials, 571 abstinent women). The pooled mean proportion smoking at the end of pregnancy was 87% (95% CI = 84–90%, I2 = 93.2%) and 94% (95% CI = 92–96%, I2 = 88%) at 6 months postpartum (23 trials, 9262 trial participants). Findings were similar when using biochemically validated abstinence. Conclusions: In clinical trials of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy only 13% are abstinent at term. Of these, 43% re-start by 6 months postpartum

Design and study protocol of the maternal smoking cessation during pregnancy study, (M-SCOPE)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Maternal smoking is the most significant cause of preventable complications during pregnancy, with smoking cessation during pregnancy shown to increase birth weight and reduce preterm birth among pregnant women who quit smoking. Taking into account the fact that the number of women who smoke in Greece has increased steadily throughout the previous decade and that the prevalence of smoking among Greek females is one of the highest in the world, smoking cessation should be a top priority among Greek health care professionals.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The Maternal Smoking Cessation during Pregnancy Study (M-SCOPE), is a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) that aims to test whether offering Greek pregnant smokers a high intensity intervention increases smoking cessation during the third trimester of pregnancy, when compared to a low intensity intervention. Prospective participants will be pregnant smokers of more than 5 cigarettes per week, recruited up to the second trimester of pregnancy. Urine samples for biomarker analysis of cotinine will be collected at three time points: at baseline, at around the 32^ndweek of gestation and at six months post partum. The control group/low intensity intervention will include: brief advice for 5 minutes and a short leaflet, while the experimental group/intensive intervention will include: 30 minutes of individualized cognitive-behavioural intervention provided by a trained health professional and a self-help manual especially tailored for smoking cessation during pregnancy, while counselling will be based on the ''5 As.'' After childbirth, the infants' birth weight, gestational age and any other health related complications during pregnancy will be recorded. A six months post-partum a follow up will be performed in order to re-assess the quitters smoking status.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>If offering pregnant smokers a high intensity intervention for smoking cessation increases the rate of smoking cessation in comparison to a usual care low intensity intervention in Greek pregnant smokers, such a scheme if beneficial could be implemented successfully within clinical practice in Greece.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01210118">NCT01210118</a></p

Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy

Background: Tobacco smoking remains one of the few preventable factors associated with complications in pregnancy, and has serious long-term implications for women and babies. Smoking in pregnancy is decreasing in high-income countries, but is strongly associated with poverty and is increasing in low- to middle-income countries. Objectives: To assess the effects of smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy on smoking behaviour and perinatal health outcomes. Search methods: In this sixth update, we searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (13 November 2015), checked reference lists of retrieved studies and contacted trial authors. Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials, cluster-randomised trials, and quasi-randomised controlled trials of psychosocial smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and trial quality, and extracted data. Direct comparisons were conducted in RevMan, with meta-regression conducted in STATA 14. Main results: The overall quality of evidence was moderate to high, with reductions in confidence due to imprecision and heterogeneity for some outcomes. One hundred and two trials with 120 intervention arms (studies) were included, with 88 trials (involving over 28,000 women) providing data on smoking abstinence in late pregnancy. Interventions were categorised as counselling, health education, feedback, incentives, social support, exercise and dissemination. In separate comparisons, there is high-quality evidence that counselling increased smoking cessation in late pregnancy compared with usual care (30 studies; average risk ratio (RR) 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 1.73) and less intensive interventions (18 studies; average RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.47). There was uncertainty whether counselling increased the chance of smoking cessation when provided as one component of a broader maternal health intervention or comparing one type of counselling with another. In studies comparing counselling and usual care (largest comparison), it was unclear whether interventions prevented smoking relapse among women who had stopped smoking spontaneously in early pregnancy. However, a clear effect was seen in smoking abstinence at zero to five months postpartum (11 studies; average RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.01) and 12 to 17 months (two studies, average RR 2.20, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.96), with a borderline effect at six to 11 months (six studies; average RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.77). In other comparisons, the effect was unclear for most secondary outcomes, but sample sizes were small. Evidence suggests a borderline effect of health education compared with usual care (five studies; average RR 1.59, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.55), but the quality was downgraded to moderate as the effect was unclear when compared with less intensive interventions (four studies; average RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.70), alternative interventions (one study; RR 1.88, 95% CI 0.19 to 18.60), or when smoking cessation health education was provided as one component of a broader maternal health intervention. There was evidence feedback increased smoking cessation when compared with usual care and provided in conjunction with other strategies, such as counselling (average RR 4.39, 95% CI 1.89 to 10.21), but the confidence in the quality of evidence was downgraded to moderate as this was based on only two studies and the effect was uncertain when feedback was compared to less intensive interventions (three studies; average RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.75 to 2.20). High-quality evidence suggests incentive-based interventions are effective when compared with an alternative (non-contingent incentive) intervention (four studies; RR 2.36, 95% CI 1.36 to 4.09). However pooled effects were not calculable for comparisons with usual care or less intensive interventions (substantial heterogeneity, I2 = 93%). High-quality evidence suggests the effect is unclear in social support interventions provided by peers (six studies; average RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.98 to 2.07), in a single trial of support provided by partners, or when social support for smoking cessation was provided as part of a broader intervention to improve maternal health. The effect was unclear in single interventions of exercise compared to usual care (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.72 to 2.01) and dissemination of counselling (RR 1.63, 95% CI 0.62 to 4.32). Importantly, high-quality evidence from pooled results demonstrated that women who received psychosocial interventions had a 17% reduction in infants born with low birthweight, a significantly higher mean birthweight (mean difference (MD) 55.60 g, 95% CI 29.82 to 81.38 g higher) and a 22% reduction in neonatal intensive care admissions. However the difference in preterm births and stillbirths was unclear. There did not appear to be adverse psychological effects from the interventions. The intensity of support women received in both the intervention and comparison groups has increased over time, with higher-intensity interventions more likely to have higher-intensity comparisons, potentially explaining why no clear differences were seen with increasing intervention intensity in meta-regression analyses. Among meta-regression analyses: studies classified as having 'unclear' implementation and unequal baseline characteristics were less effective than other studies. There was no clear difference between trials implemented by researchers (efficacy studies), and those implemented by routine pregnancy staff (effectiveness studies), however there was uncertainty in the effectiveness of counselling in four dissemination trials where the focus on the intervention was at an organisational level. The pooled effects were similar in interventions provided for women classified as having predominantly low socio-economic status, compared to other women. The effect was significant in interventions among women from ethnic minority groups; however not among indigenous women. There were similar effect sizes in trials with biochemically validated smoking abstinence and those with self-reported abstinence. It was unclear whether incorporating use of self-help manuals or telephone support increased the effectiveness of interventions. Authors' conclusions: Psychosocial interventions to support women to stop smoking in pregnancy can increase the proportion of women who stop smoking in late pregnancy and the proportion of infants born low birthweight. Counselling, feedback and incentives appear to be effective, however the characteristics and context of the interventions should be carefully considered. The effect of health education and social support is less clear. New trials have been published during the preparation of this review and will be included in the next update

Carceral fantasies: cinema and prison in early twentieth-century America [Book Review]

Book review

A Campaign of Truth’: Marshall Plan Films in Greece

This essay identifies and analyses the Marshall Plan documentaries about Greece (1949-1952) by drawing on original archival research. This work was supported by EU research funding

Building envelope refurbishment of multiresidential postwar buildings: Investigation via a case study

This project is aiming to reduction of energy demands, and greenhouse gas emissions consequently, by achieving less heating demand and higher thermal comfort for residential buildings. The choice of refurbishment as the best solution for that is investigated. For the needs of the project, a case study was used, carefully chosen to be representative and of common detailing, so the solutions proposed can be implemented to more buildings. The criteria for the refurbishment measures that were investigated were mainly: not extreme costs, comfort for the residents during the construction and the possibility to generalize the solution for more buildings. CAPSOL models were created for the calculation of the heating demand in the exiting situation and the refurbishment solutions. The result of this modeling was that the building has to be fully refurbished in order for it to achieve both high thermal comfort and low heating demand. Passive measures, like second skin façade and closed-off balcony, work better than external insulation, especially if they are south oriented. The greenhouse gas emissions were calculated both form the heating demands and by calculating the embedded energy of the materials used in each refurbishment solution. Again, the passive measures were more efficient because glass and steel are much less environmentally-costly materials than aluminium frames and external insulation. Also, geothermy played an important role in reducing the emissions greatly.Structural and Building EngineeringStructural EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience

Η καταναλωτική συμπεριφορά αναζήτησης ποικιλίας σε επίπεδο προϊοντικών χαρακτηριστικών

The purpose of the current thesis is twofold: first, to explore variety-seeking tendencies in hedonic and utilitarian products and indicate specific attributes that lead to variety-seeking across different product categories; second, to conceptualize variety-seeking as a behavioral consequence of choice overload and explore variety-seeking tendencies when choosing from extensively large assortments. For the purposes of this doctoral thesis, five independent, yet interrelated experimental studies were conducted. The results of study 1 indicate that product type (hedonic or utilitarian) and attribute type (sensory or functional) interact to determine attribute level variety-seeking behavior: in hedonic products, consumers seek more variety in sensory attributes, whereas in utilitarian product categories, consumers seek more variety in functional attributes. Study 2 provides support for a satiation mechanism behind the interaction effect of product type and attribute type on variety-seeking where different satiation levels are associated with specific attribute types in each product category. In hedonic product categories, consumers tend to consider the product variants to be more similar and repetitive when variation is based on sensory attributes compared to when it is based on functional attributes. On the other hand, in utilitarian product categories, product variants seem to be more similar and repetitive when variation is based on functional rather than sensory attributes. Study 3 indicates that in a product category that is neither clearly hedonic nor utilitarian there are no significant differences in variety-seeking behavior when variation stems from sensory or functional attributes. With regards to variety-seeking in the case of choice from extensively large assortments, the results of Study 4 indicate that consumers experiencing choice overload, due to difficult attribute trade-offs they have to make, tend to engage in variety-seeking as a cognitive mechanism in order to avoid making difficult trade-offs. Finally, the results of Study 5 explain variety-seeking tendencies in the case of large assortments by indicating that large assortments tend to lead to higher satiation rates as participants focus less on the aspects (attributes) that differentiate the consumption episodes and perceive the process to be more repetitive. However, this effect is not evident for all consumers. The results show that preference constructors tend to exert the same level of variety-seeking irrespective of the size of the assortment. On the other hand, preference matchers tend to seek more variety when choosing from large assortments, as due to their expertise they can find more alternatives that match their preferences. To the best of author’s knowledge, this thesis poses a first attempt to examine attribute level variety-seeking across different product categories as well as variety-seeking tendencies for extensively large assortments.Ο σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής είναι διπλός: πρώτον, να διερευνηθεί η συμπεριφορά αναζήτησης ποικιλίας για ηδονικά και χρηστικά προϊόντα και να προσδιορισθούν συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά που οδηγούν στην εκδήλωση της συμπεριφοράς αυτής σε διαφορετικές κατηγορίες προϊόντων. Δεύτερον, να εξετασθεί αν η αναζήτηση ποικιλίας είναι συμπεριφορική συνέπεια της υπερφόρτωσης επιλογών και να διερευνηθεί η τάση αναζήτησης ποικιλίας σε περιπτώσεις επιλογής από εξαιρετικά μεγάλες συλλογές προϊόντων. Για τους σκοπούς της διατριβής, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πέντε ανεξάρτητες, αλλά σχετιζόμενες πειραματικές μελέτες. Τα αποτελέσματα του πρώτου πειράματος δείχνουν ότι ο τύπος του προϊόντος (ηδονικός ή χρηστικός) και ο τύπος του χαρακτηριστικού (αισθητηριακός ή λειτουργικός) αλληλεπιδρούν στην συμπεριφορά αναζήτησης ποικιλίας: στα ηδονικά προϊόντα, οι καταναλωτές αναζητούν μεγαλύτερη ποικιλία σε αισθητηριακά χαρακτηριστικά, ενώ στα χρηστικά προϊόντα οι καταναλωτές αναζητούν μεγαλύτερη ποικιλία σε λειτουργικά χαρακτηριστικά. Το δεύτερο πείραμα επιβεβαιώνει έναν μηχανισμό κορεσμού πίσω από την αλληλεπίδραση του τύπου προϊόντος και του τύπου χαρακτηριστικού στην αναζήτηση ποικιλίας, όπου διαφορετικά επίπεδα κορεσμού σχετίζονται με συγκεκριμένους τύπους χαρακτηριστικών σε κάθε κατηγορία προϊόντος: σε ηδονικές κατηγορίες προϊόντων, οι καταναλωτές τείνουν να αντιλαμβάνονται τα προϊόντα πιο όμοια και επαναλαμβανόμενα όταν διαφέρουν σε αισθητηριακά παρά σε λειτουργικά χαρακτηριστικά ενώ σε χρηστικές κατηγορίες προϊόντων, οι καταναλωτές τείνουν να αντιλαμβάνονται τα προϊόντα πιο όμοια και επαναλαμβανόμενα όταν διαφέρουν σε λειτουργικά παρά σε αισθητηριακά χαρακτηριστικά. Τα αποτελέσματα του τρίτου πειράματος δείχνουν ότι σε μια προϊοντική κατηγορία που δεν γίνεται αντιληπτή αμιγώς ως ηδονική ή λειτουργική, ο τύπος του χαρακτηριστικού δεν έχει στατιστικά σημαντική επίδραση στην αναζήτηση ποικιλίας. Όσον αφορά την αναζήτηση ποικιλίας στην περίπτωση επιλογής από εξαιρετικά μεγάλες συλλογές προϊόντων, τα αποτελέσματα του τέταρτου πειράματος δείχνουν ότι για τους καταναλωτές που αντιμετωπίζουν υπερφόρτωση επιλογών, η συμπεριφορά αναζήτησης ποικιλίας λειτουργεί ως ένας γνωστικός μηχανισμός προκειμένου να αποφύγουν να κάνουν δύσκολες συγκρίσεις. Τέλος, τα αποτελέσματα του πέμπτου πειράματος δείχνουν ότι οι μεγάλες συλλογές προϊόντων τείνουν να οδηγούν σε μεγαλύτερο κορεσμό καθώς οι καταναλωτές εστιάζουν λιγότερο στις πτυχές (χαρακτηριστικά) που διαφοροποιούν τα επεισόδια κατανάλωσης και αντιλαμβάνονται τη διαδικασία ως πιο επαναλαμβανόμενη. Ωστόσο, αυτό το αποτέλεσμα δεν είναι το ίδιο για όλους τους καταναλωτές καθώς καταναλωτές που δεν έχουν οικειότητα με την προϊοντική κατηγορία τείνουν να αναζητούν τον ίδιο βαθμό ποικιλίας είτε επιλέγουν από μεγάλη είτε από μικρή συλλογή προϊόντων. Σύμφωνα με όσα γνωρίζει η συγγραφέας, η παρούσα διατριβή αποτελεί μια πρώτη προσπάθεια να εξετασθούν η αναζήτηση ποικιλίας για συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά σε διαφορετικές κατηγορίες προϊόντων, καθώς και οι τάσεις αναζήτησης ποικιλίας σε περιπτώσεις επιλογής από μεγάλες συλλογές προϊόντων